Page:Collier's New Encyclopedia v. 09.djvu/517

TRACHEA, or WINDPIPE 455 TRACT SOCIETY may be produced by pressure on the nervous trunk, or the inferior laryngeal fibers. Constriction may also depend on undue muscular contraction, the seat thereof being- immediately above the bifurcation of the trachea. Foreign bodies occasionally pass through the larnyx into the trachea, and the accident is a formidable one, which not infre- quently proves fatal. TRACHEOTOMY, the opening of the trachea or windpipe. It may be done in three different positions, viz., between the cricoid and thyroid cartilages, above the thyroid isthmus, and below it, and all three operations are often termed trache- otomy. The operation is performed as follows: An incision is made in the mid- dle line, from an inch and a half to two inches, downward from the cricoid carti- lage through the skin and deep fascia. Any arteries wounded in this incision be- ing secured, the subcutaneous connective tissue is divided, fold after fold, the large vessels being pressed aside or ligatured when required. The sterno-hyoid and sterno-thyroid muscles are then separa- ted by the handle of the knife, exposing the upper portion of the trachea, which is usually covered by the isthmus of the thyroid gland, which may be drawn up with a hook if it is unusually broad. The trachea should be carefully dissected till three rings are exposed. A sharp tenaculum is then thrust into it, and it is raised somewhat upward and steadied, and then divided from below upward by a sharp-pointed bistoury inserted into one of the interspaces. The completion of the operation is confirmed by the peculiar hissing sound with which the air rushes out of the open wound. The next step is the introduction of the canula, which soon becomes obstructed with mucus, and the inner tube must often be withdrawn for the purpose of cleansing it. The canula must be secured by a piece of tape round the neck, and the edges of the wound above and below the canula may be brought together by stiches or by adhe- sive plaster. TRACTARIANISM, in Church his- tory the name given to the Catholic re- vival in the Church of England which commenced at Oxford in 1833, whence it is sometimes called the Oxford Move- ment. The leaders of the movement were two celebrated Fellows of Oriel — John Koble and John Henry (afterward Car- dinal) Newman, with whom were joined Richard Hurrell Froudc, Arthur Philip Perceval, Frederick William Faber, Wil- liam Palmer of Magdalen, and William Palmer of Worcester, Edward Bouverie Pusey, and Isaac Williams; and one cele- brated Cambridgeman, Hugh James Rose. On July 14, 1833, Keble preached an Assize Sermon, entitled the "National Apostasy," at Oxford, which so moved Newman that he arranged a meeting of the clergy named above at Rose's rec- tory at Hadleigh. Faber, Pusey, and Wil- liams were not present; but Newman broached the idea of "Tracts for the Times," which was adopted, and urged that they should be supported and sup- plemented by higher pulpit teaching. In 1843 Newman resigned the incumbency of St. Mary's, Oxford, and the chap- laincy of Littlemore, and in September, 1845, was received into the Roman Church, as were others of the ti-act writ- ers about the same time. With New- man's secession, Tractarianism came to an end, or, more properly speaking, de- veloped into a Catholic section of the Anglican Establishment. The general teaching of the Tractarians included Apostolic Succession, Baptismal Regen- eration, Confession, the Real Presenoe, the Authority of the Church, and the value of Tradition. TRACTORS, the name applied to mo- tor vehicles employed as drawing power and is thus to be distinguished from ve- hicles used for carrying. The "tanks" that played such a notable part in the World War were developed by adapting to them a principle already in use on the larger farm tractors — the caterpillar wheel tread. This enabled them to drive over obstacles, rough ground and trenches and gave great drawing power. Of neces- sity, the engine employed in tractors must be more than ordinarily powerful. The perfection of a comparatively cheap tractor by Henry Ford, and its manufacture on a large scale, has placed it in v^ride use. It is employed largely in agricultural work where tractors per- form all the heavy drawing tasks from plowing the ground to reaping the prod- uct. It is widely used also in indus- trial plants where the transportation of heavy loads is necessary. Indeed, the application of the tractor is practically limitless and its use adds infinitely to the efficiency of industry of all kinds, where the drawing of heavy loads is a necessity. TRACT SOCIETY. In the 17th cen- tury several traces are found of associa- tions for printing and promoting the sale of religious works, but none of them seems to have existed long. The Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, founded in 1701, had for one of its ob- jects "the dispersion, both at home and abroad, of Bibles and tracts of religion." In 1750 was formed The Society for Pro- moting Peligious Knowledge among the