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TOYNBEE 454 TRACHEA, or WINDPIPE TOYNBEE, AENOLD, an English re- former; born in London, England, Aug. 23, 1852. His early acquirements wex'e mostly in the direction of modern lit- erature and philosophy. He spent two years at a military college, but left on finding that he had mistaken his pro- fession. During the four years he spent at Oxford he became a prominent figure. Endowed with the gift of fluent speech, he began to address audiences of work- ing men; and to help them, took up residence in Commercial Road, White- chapel, in 1875, and associated himself with the religious work carried on there by the Rev. S. A. Barnett. From the inspiration of his example and teaching during this period sprang the idea of Toynbee Hall. He died in 1883, owing to overstrain following on two lectures di- rected against Henry George's "Progress and Poverty." A course of lectures de- livered at Oxford between 1881-1882 on the economic history of England, along with other popular addresses, was pub- lished in 1884 under the title of "The Industrial Revolution," with Memoir by Jowett. TOYNBEE, PAGET, an English edu- cator and writer; born in 1855, at Wem- bledon, near London. He was educated at Haileybury College, Hertfordshire, and Baliol College, Oxford, and worked as private tutor from 1878 to 1892. He has made himself particularly noted by his studies of Dante. His works include: "Specimens of Old French"; "Historical French Grammar"; "Ricerche e Note Dantesche"; "Critical Text of the Divine Commedia"; "Life of Dante"; "Dante Studies and Researches"; "Dante in Eng- lish Literature, from Chaucer to Cary"; "A Concise Dictionary of People, Names and Notable Matters in the Works of Dante"; "The Correspondence of Gray, Walpole, West, and Ashton." TOYNBEE HALL, a settlement or- ganized in Commercial street. White- chapel, London, as a memorial to Arnold Toynbee, {q. v.), in January, 1885, under the direction of the Rev. S. A. Barnett. It partakes somewhat of the nature of both a college and a club, the idea being to connect the memorial of Toynbee with the study of "political economy in its social aspects, to which he devoted the scholar half of himself, and with his work among the artisan population of our great cities, to which he gave the other, the missionary half." This is carried out by the members of the universities of Oxford and Cambi'idge who find residence there. The idea of college settlements suggested by this work was enthusiasti- cally carried out in the United States. TRACERY, in architecture, the spe- cies of pattern work formed or traced in the head of a Gothic window by the mul- lions being continued, but diverging into arches, curves, and flowing lines enriched with foliations. The styles varied in different ages and countries, and are known as geometrical, flowing, flamboy- ant, etc. Also the subdivisions of groined vaults, or any ornamental de- sign of the same character for doors, paneling, ceilings, etc. TRACHEA, or WINDPIPE, the tube extending from the larynx, or organ of the voice, and from the level of the fifth cervical vertebra to the third dorsal ver- tebra, at which latter point the trachea bifurcates or divides into two main bron- chi or divisions, one supplying each lung with air tubes. The average length of the trachea is 4^ inches and its diam- eter about three-fourths of an inch, the latter measurement being greater in males than in females. The trachea con- sists of fibrous membranes united by elastic cartilaginous rings, rendering the tube flexible and patent. The cartilages are circular but imperfect rings, each being joined posteriorly by fibrous mem- brane. They vary from 16 to 20 in num- ber. The muscular fibres of the trachea are of longitudinal and transverse ar- rangement. The trachea is lined with mucous membrane, the epithelium of which is ciliated. The trachea receives blood from the inferior thyroid arteries, and nerves from the pneumogastrie and recurrent trunks, and also from the sym- pathetic system. The right bronchus, or one of the main divisions of the trachea, is wider and shorter than the left. It enters the lung opposite the fourth dor- sal vertebra. The left bronchus is smaller and more oblique than the right and enters the left lung at the level of the fifth dorsal vertebra. Diseases and Injuries of the Trachea,— The trachea is liable to inflammation and its products, and frequently suffers from extension of disease from the larynx. Acute inflammation may occur as an idiopathic affection, or a symptom of other disease, as smallpox, measles, typhus, tuberculosis, croup, etc. The symptoms are pain in the windpipe from the top of the sternum, expectoration of mucus, sometimes in regular rings, and a peculiar brazen-like cough. When con- fined to the larynx there is no hoarse- ness. Chronic inflammation usually ac- companies follicular pharyn go-laryngi- tis, tuberculosis, and syphilis. Constric- tion of the trachea may be produced by aneurismal or other tumors pressing ex- ternally on the trachea; or the symptoms