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TOWNSEND 453 TOXICOLOGY the Old"; "Poems" (1870); "Washing- ton Outside and Inside" (1871); "Bohe- mian Days" (1881) ; "The Entailed Hat" (1884), and "Katy of Catoctin; or, The Chain-Breakers" (1886), novels; "Life of Levi P. Morton" (1888) ; "Tales of Gap- land"; etc. TOWNSEND, CHARLES, SECOND VISCOUNT, an English statesman; born in Rainham, Norfolk, March 10, 1674; succeeded to the peerage December, 1687, and took his seat as a Whig in the House of Peers, 1695. After acting as a commissioner for arranging the Scotch Union (1706), he was joint plenipoten- tiary with Marlborough in the conference at (jertruydenburg (1709), and then, as ambassador to the States-General, signed the Barrier Treaty. For this he was censured by the House of Commons, and declared an enemy to the queen and king- dom. He thereupon entered into com- munication with the Elector of Hanover, who, on his accessison as George L, ap- pointed Townshend secretary of state, 1714. In 1717 he became lord-lieutenant of Ireland; and he was again secretary of state from February, 1721, to May, 1730, when he retired on account of dif- ferences with his brother-in-law and col- league. Sir Robert Walpole. He died in Rainham, June 21, 1738. TOWNSHEND, CHARLES, an Eng- lish statesman; grandson of the 2d Vis- count; born in 1725; entered the House SIR CHARLES VERB FERRERS TOWNSHEND of Commons in 1747; and became a com- missioner of trade and plantations in 1749. He was a lord of the admiralty in 1754, member of the privy-council in 1756, secretary of war in 1761-1763; chancellor of the exchequer in 1766. He supported Granville's stamp act (1765), and introduced the celebrated resolutions for taxing the American colonies (June 2, 1767). From so often changing his political opinions he was known as the "weathercock," but he had a great repu- tation for oratory and wit. He died in Oxfordshire, Sept. 4, 1767. TOWNSHEND, SIR CHARLES VERE FERRERS, a British general, born in 1861. He entered the Royal Marines in 1881, but preferring the army to the navy, became a soldier in 1886 and was promoted through the ordinary grades, becoming major general in 1911. He was included in the Sudan and Nile expeditions of 1884 and 1885, and in the Hunza Nagar expeditions of 1891 and 1892. He was in command at Chitral Fort, and served in the Dongola expedi- tion in 1898 and in the South African War in 1899-1900. Afterward he did service in India and was assistant ad- jutant general of the Ninth Division Army there in 1907-1909. In 1912-1913 he was in command of a division of the Territorial Foi'ce. When the European war broke out in 1914 he became com- mander-in-chief of the British forces in Mesopotamia and was shut up by the Turks for five months in Kut el Amara, at the end of which in April, 1916, he surrendered with his army and was taken prisoner. TOWNSHIP, the corporation of a town; the district or territory of a town. Also, a territoi'ial district, subordinate to a county, into which many of the States are divided, and comprising an area of 5, 6, 7, or perhaps 10 miles square, the inhabitants of which are in- vested with certain powers for regulat- ing their own affairs, such as repairing roads, providing for the poor, etc. TOWNSLEY, CLARENCE PAGE, an American army officer, born in De Kalb, St. Lawrence co., N. Y., 1855. After graduating from the State Normal School at Potsdam, N. Y., he entered the United States Military Academy, then studied at the artillery school at Fort Monroe, Va. In 1916 he reached the rank of brigadier-general, and that of major-general in 1917. During 1912- 1916 he was superintendent of the United States Military Academy. TOXICOLOGY, that branch of medi- cine which treats of poisons and their antidotes, or of the morbid and dele- terious effects of excessive and inordinate doses and quantities of medicine.