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TRENCH WARFARE 495 TRENDELENBURG able for standing, with room for the coming and going of a single file of sol- diers. Arrangements on the top of the trench would help the soldier to find shel- ter and at the same time watch the en- emy and hit him if possible. The faces of the trench were held firmly in a per- pendicular position by planks, or sacks of earth. The spaces in front of the trenches were cleared so as to leave an unobstructed view, and obstructive bar- riers, such as barbed wire, were placed in positions where it was expected that the enemy might attack. All these methods received great development during the world war. As the war progressed, and it was seen that the troops might continue to confront each other in almost the same positions for months and even for years, trench warfare naturally assumed pro- portions not before conceived of. The simple parallel lines of no great depth that had been the rule and theory hither- to were transformed into complicated designs that increased in depth, in varie- ty, and in intricacy according to the con- ditions in a particular district. The line sank into subterranean passages and broadened into large covered areas with divisions for resting, eating, diversion, and sleeping. Attention had to be paid to the draining in swampy districts, and where the danger was great fortifica- tions built of concrete and of great strength were built up. The simple straight or curving line was in many places transformed into a zigzag or laybrinth pattern, and communicating trenches connected the front trenches with those behind and these again with the forces at the rear. The war took on the character of mutual siege con- ditions, and this was largely due to the gi'ip on the ground developed by trench work. The single trench line that proved so hard to capture in the Civil War of the United States grew into an elabo- rate network of trenches deep below the surface and forming part of great plans covering large areas in the rear. A trench defended by barbed wire proved a difficult position to attack, and the great multiplication of machine guns, which the Germans provided as one of the great surprises of the war, made a position thus doubly protected almost impenetrable. An enormous expenditure of projectiles was found necessary to prepare the way for an attack that might result in the capture of two or three front lines. This it was calculated that preceding one such attack a French battery, near Arras, sent into the Ger- man lines more projectiles than the en- tire German artillery in the war of 1870- 1871. Yet this tremendous fire was a nec- essary preliminary, if the barbed wire was to be cut, the machine guns destroyed and the trenches leveled. The arrival of the tank, which was in effect an armored motor car and military tractor, able to cross trenches and shell craters, proof against machine gun and rifle fire, and itself armed with machine guns, solved a problem that had hitherto been baf- fling. Nevertheless the trench showed itself capable of developments that ai-e sure to affect all future warfare. Trenches, under the development of war- fare, may be dug to any depth, may be expanded to any breadth, may be di- vided and designed on any pattern, and may be re-enforced to any extent condi- tions may warrant. In view of the great part aeronautics are likely to play in the future warfare, the roof of the trench is likely to be a matter of im- mense importance, and trenches that lead to underground cities are not an impos- sible conception. Under the circum- stances it was only in the nature of things that the mining of trenches was one of the great occupations of the war and approaches were made in that man- ner which would have been impossible overground. TRENCK, FRIEDRICH VON DER, BARON, a Prussian officer, celebrated for his adventures and misfortunes; born in Konigsberg in 1726, and at the age of 17 he was presented to the king, Fred- erick II., as a student who was well worthy the royal patronage. Frederick rapidly advanced him in the army, and manifested much regard for him; but Trenck having won the heart of Prin- cess Amelia, the king's sister, his en- emies had him accused and arrested. He was imprisoned in the fortress of Glatz, but contrived to effect his escape. He then visited the N. of Europe, Austria, and Italy. In 1758 he was seized at Danzic and was conveyed to Magde- burg, where, loaded with irons, he was for years incarcerated. On procuring his liberation, in 1763, he withdrew to Vienna, after which he went to Aix-la- Chapelle, where literature, politics, and commerce alternately occupied his at- tention. At his castle of Zwerbeck, in Hungary, he wrote his "Memoirs," a book read all over Europe. In 1791 he settled in France, joined the Jacobins, and in 1794 was charged with being a secret emissary of the King of Prussia, and died by the guillotine, TRENDELENBURG, FRIED- RICH ADOLF, a German philosopher; born in Eutin, Germany, Nov. 30, 1802. He set forth the ethical aspect of hia