Page:Collier's New Encyclopedia v. 09.djvu/564

TRENCH 494 TRENCH WARFARE 1844), rector of Itchenstoke (1844-1845), was Hulsean lecturer 1845-1846, Profes- sor of Theology at King's College, Lon- don (1846-1858), dean of Westminster (1856-1863), and was finally consecrated archbishop of Dublin, Jan. 1, 1864. He was the author of a collection of poems, and a popular writer on philological and theological subjects. His works include: "Notes on the Parables" (1841) ; "Notes on the Miracles" (1846) ; "On the Study of Words" (1851) ; "Proverbs and Their Lessons" (1853) ; "Synonyms of the New Testament" (1854) ; "English, Past and Present" (1855) ; "On Plutarch" (1874) ; "Lectures on Mediaeval Church History" •(1878) ; and many others. He died March 28, 1886. TRENCHARD, STEPHEN DECA- TUR, an American naval officer; born in Brooklyn, N. Y., July 10, 1818; was ap- pointed to the navy in 1834; took part in the Seminole War in Florida; served on board the "Saratoga" in the war with Mexico; was in the "Powhatan" on her diplomatic cruise to China and Japan in 1857-1860; and commanded the "Rhode Island" in both attacks on Fort Fisher. He was promoted captain in 1866; com- modore in 1871; served on the examining board in 1871-1872, and as lighthouse in- spector and on headquarters duty in 1873-1875; became rear-admiral in 1875; commanded the North Atlantic squadron in 1876-1878, and was retired in 1880. He died in New York City, Nov. 15, 1883. TRENCHARD, SIR HUGH MON- TAGUE, a British officer, born in 1873. He entered the army in 1893, and became a captain in 1900, going through the grade to major-general, to which he was promoted in 1916. He served with the Imperial Yeomanry, Bushmen Corps, South Africa, 1899-1902, and afterward with the Canadian Scouts, being danger- ously wounded. He was with the West African Frontier Force in 1906. In the European war he became commandant of the Central Flying School, and finally in 1918 Chief of the Air Staff with the title of Air-Marshal. TRENCH FEVER, a disease supposed to develop in troops who have been in the trenches, but apparently liable to attack individuals temporarily in train- ing camps or convalescent hospitals. Ef- forts were made during the war to find the specific germ responsible for the dis- ease, and organisms from a number of patients were cultivated on artifical me- diums. The germ was found in the pe- riosteum around with blood vessels of the tibialis anticus muscle, and occa- sionally in the blood. It showed itself in the form of a disk, about one-fortieth the size of a red blood corpuscle. Sig- nificance attaches to the fact that the micro-organism is likewise located in the stomach walls of the body louse, and the inference is that the vermin plays a part in the spread of the malady. Dr. M. Man- del, medical director of the United States Army Base Hospital No. 12, describes the disease as a distinct clinical entity, and defines it as an acute infectious disease of unknown etiology and self- limited course, characterized clinically by cyclic febrile attacks, intense headache and backache, and pains over the tibial which are particularly severe at night. The rise in temperature is from 101° to 104° F., preceded by chilly sensations. The febrile attacks may be repeated, but convalescence usually follows the third. TRENCH WARFARE. Like every- thing else in military affairs, the use of the trench received a great development during the recent great war. Under the old conditions the trench was simply an excavation in the ground long or short, broad or narrow, the earth from which was thrown directly in front to form a barricade. The trench might be a tem- porary affair or it might be an element in a permanent and extensive fortifica- tion. They could play a part both in attack and defense. The dimensions of a trench, and its intricacy or simplicity, would naturally be determined largely by the length of time it was intended to use it. Troops kneeling would require a depth that would leave them space to gee over the parapet. Men standing would require greater depth that para- pets might be cut at the sides to stand on if greater depth was needed for pro- tection. In the hastily dug trenches proper for soldiers engaged in attack- ing a depth of a couple of feet would be ample. The soldier lying prone would necessarily only hold the trench till he was enabled to advance still further. In the development of military service that preceded the great war military en- gineers had long spoken of the value of the trench and the part it was likely to play in future warfare. In every European army, the troops, apart from the engineering units, had been taught to construct trenches of established types. It was foreseen that in modern warfare large armies would confront each other for long periods with their ends resting on the mountains and the sea and that opposing lines would be paral- lel to each other long distances and for indefinite periods. The idea then was to maintain the front line at a depth suit-