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SPRING 38 SPRINGFIELD direction. (3) A check on a cable while unshackling it. (4) A rope extending diagonally from the stern of one ship to the head of another, to make one ship sheer off to a greater distance. In physical geography and geology, an overflow of water or other liquid. When rain falls on a porous soil it is rapidly absorbed, the surface of the soil being soon dry again. Meanwhile the water has percolated downward till it has, at a greater or less depth, been intercepted by an impervious stratum, where it grrad- ually forms a reservoir. It then presses with great force laterally, and a system of subterranean drainage is established. If the reservoir be on an elevation and a boring be made on a lower level to any of the branches leading from it, the water will rise in the bore to the surface and shoot up into the air to a height proportional to the pressure from the reservoir, as an artesian well, which is aCin to a spring. Springs are of two kinds, land and perennial springs, the former existing where there is a porous soil with an impervious subsoil, the lat- ter deriving their waters from deeper sources. Perennial springs include ther- mal springs and geysers. Sometimes springs contain much earthy material; thus there are calcareous, sulphurous and gypseous, siliceous, ferruginous, sa- line, carbonated and petroleum springs. They are then called mineral springs. SPRINGBOK, in zoology, the Antilope euchore, an antelope exceedingly common in South Africa. It is about 30 inches high, the horns lyrate, very small in the female; color yellowish dun, white be- neath. Two curious folds of skin ascend from the root of the tail, and terminate near the middle of the back; they are usually closed, but open out when the animal is in rapid motion, and disclose a large triangular white space, which is otherwise concealed. SPRINGFIELD, a city, capital of the State of Illinois, and county-seat of San- gamon CO.; on the Wabash, the Balti- more and Ohio Southwestern, the Chica- go, Peoria, and St. Louis, the Chicago and Alton, the Illinois Central, the Cin- cinnati, Hamilton and Dayton, and the Illinois Traction railroads; 190 miles S. of Chicago. It contains the State capi- tol; court house; United States Govern- ment building; the governor's mansion; the former residence of President Lin- coln; the Lincoln National Monument in Oak Ridge Cemetery; State fair grounds; State Military Park, etc. Here also are Concordia College (Luth.), Bet- tie Stuart Institute, St. Agatha's School (P, E.), State and other libraries. State arsenal, the Wabash railroad and St. John's hospitals, street railroad and electric light plants, waterworks. Na- tional and other banks, and numerous daily, weekly, and monthly periodicals. The trade and industry of the city are greatly promoted by rich coal mines in the vicinity. Springfield is especially noted for the extensive manufactory of the Illinois Watch Company. It also has many large printing and publishing houses, textile works, planing mills, ma- chine shops, boiler works, manufactories of soap, automobile tires, electric meters, brick, clothing, etc. The city was founded in 1819; became the county-seat in 1823; and received its city charter in 1840. It was made the capital of Illinois in 1837, and the Legislature convened here for the first time in 1839. Pop. (1910) 51,- 678; (1920) 59,183. SPRINGFIELD, a city and county- seat of Hampden co., Mass.; on the Con- necticut river, and on the New York, New Haven, and Hartford, the Boston and Albany, and the Central of New England railroads; 99 miles W. of Bos- ton. The city is noted for its beauty, being laid out with wide streets, and hav- ing many magnificent churches and res- idences. Here are a School for Chris- tian Workers, public library, handsome court house, a fine group of municipal buildings, museums. International Y. M. C. A. College, hospitals, a United States armory and arsenal. United States Gov- ernment building, street railroad and electric light plants. National and other banks, and numerous daily, weekly, and monthly periodicals. The industries in- clude the manufacture of firearms, rail- way cars, knit goods, clothing, paper, envelopes, watches, boilers, engines, ma- chinery, silverware, jewelry, skates, car- riages, buttons, needles, toys, printed books, motor cycles, brass goods, woolen goods, chemicals, etc. Springfield was founded by William Pynchon with col- onists from Roxbury in 1636. The In- dians burned the town during King Philip's War in 1675. In Shay's rebel- lion in 1787 the United States arsenal was attacked. The city was incorpo- rated in 1852. Pop. (1910) 88,926; (1920) 129,614. SPRINGFIELD, a city and county- seat of Green co.. Mo.; on the St. Louis, Iron Mountain and Southern, and the St. Louis and San Francisco railroads; 130 miles S. of Jefferson City. It is on the summit of the Ozark Mountains in a rich lead and zinc section, and has a healthful climate. There are Drury Col- lege (Cong.), a normal school, high school. United States Government build-