The general election was now fixed for June 6 1915. In April an amnesty emptied the prisons. The Democrats were, however, able to count on the support of the marines and on May 14 the sailors mutinied, shot the captains of the " Almirante Reis " and " Vasco da Gama " and bombarded Lisbon, about 100 persons being killed. Pimenta de Castro resigned on May 15, and. was arrested next day and transported to the Azores. The revolution- ary committee nominated Senhor Chagas as premier, but on May 16 he was shot at and wounded in the train, on his way to Lisbon by Senator Joao de Freitas, who was killed. Chagas re- signed on May 24 and was succeeded by Dr. Jose de Castro.
In a message addressed to Parliament Arriaga resigned the presidency as from May 29 (he died on March 5 1917) ; and after a short interim presidency under Dr. Theophilo Braga, he was definitely succeeded as President on Aug. 6 1915 by Dr. Bernar- dino Machado. The Government resigned in June, Castro again becoming premier, but he resigned in Nov. and Dr. Costa re- turned to office.
The Revolution of Dec. 1917. On Dec. 5 1917 a revolution directed against the internal policy of Costa and the Democrats broke out at Lisbon. The rebels entrenched themselves in the Parque Eduardo VII. and their artillery opened fire upon the fleet. After two days' fighting, Gen. Norton de Mattos and Capt. Leotte do Rego took refuge on board a British ship in the Tagus. Dr. Costa and Dr. Scares were arrested; President Machado was placed under arrest, and on the i$th was conducted to the fron- tier. Vice-Adml. Machado dos Santos was released from prison and, with Maj. Sidonio Paes, the leader of the movement, and Capt. Feliciano Costa, formed a revolutionary committee. A provisional government was now constituted, Maj. Paes becom- ing President and Minister for War and Foreign Affairs. The Radical sailors mutinied on Jan. 8 1918 and bombarded Lisbon, but the movement was easily quelled, and several hundreds were deported to Africa. On Jan. 12 Paes left for the north, and at Oporto was received enthusiastically, as also on his return to Lisbon. A visit to the south in Feb. was equally successful.
In March 1918 Paes reconstructed his ministry, and the elec- tions, on an enlarged franchise, were held throughout the country on April 28. The election of the President was held by universal suffrage on the same day. Paes was elected by over half a million votes and was proclaimed President on May 9. The Powers recognized the new regime, and on May 27 Great Britain raised her legation in Lisbon to the status of an embassy. The President opened Parliament in July. In Oct. a new Government was formed. Under a new system the President became also premier and ministers were called secretaries of state.
The first anniversary of the revolution was celebrated with national rejoicings on Dec.s-8 1918. But on Dec. 14 President Paes was shot at the Rocio station by Jose Julio da Costa, and died a few minutes later. On Dec. 16 Adml. Joao de Canto e Castro was provisionally elected president, and in Jan. 1919 Senhor Tamagnini Barbosa formed a ministry, reviving the office of premier.
The Oporto Monarchy. The Radical and Carbonario elements, which had hoped to benefit by President Paes' murder, rapidly became impatient, and a Democrat rising now broke out at San- tarem, but the town was besieged by Government troops and the rebels surrendered. On Jan. 19 1919 the monarchy was pro- claimed at Oporto, Braga and Viseu, Capt. Paiva Couceiro becoming regent and acting also as premier and minister of finance. At Lisbon the Royalists occupied Fort Monsanto and bombarded the city, but they were overcome without difficulty by the marines and Carbonarios. A considerable Republican army was sent against Oporto, but, though part of the regular troops drafted from Lisbon deserted, the Royalist forces were weak and did not reach Aveiro. The fighting during the three weeks of civil war was not of a serious character. A counter-revolutionary movement at Oporto in Feb. led to the restoration of the Repub- lic, and the main result of these ill-timed risings was to fill the prisons and bring the Radicals into power. At Lisbon the marines and Carbonarios, in Feb., demanded government by " Soviets " and the abolition of the official police. Severe street
fighting and serious outrages occurred, including the burning down of a block of government offices in Black-Horse Square and of the Limoeiro prison. This had the effect of forcing the new authorities to copy the disciplinary methods of President Paes.
Government by Groups. Senhor Jose Relvas became premier on Jan. 27 1919, and was succeeded in March by the Democrat, Dr. Domingo Pereira. It now became possible to hold the elec- tions, and in May a Radical majority was returned. On June i Adml. Canto e Castro announced his intention of resigning the presidency, the candidate of the Democratic party, Dr. Antonio Jose de Almeida, being subsequently elected President on Aug. 6. On June 28 the Democratic Col. Sa Cardoso constituted a more stable ministry, which lasted till Jan. 7 1920. There followed a succession of short-lived ministries, under Senhor Fernandez Costa, Dr. Domingo Pereira, Col. Antonio Maria Baptista, Dr. Ramos Preto, Senhor Antonio Maria da Silva, Senhor Antonio Granjo (July to Nov. 15), Dr. Alvaro de Castro, and Lt.-Col. Liberate Pinto (Nov. 29 to Feb. 1921); and on March 2 1921 a new Coalition ministry (composed of Democrats, Reconstituents, Dissidents and members of the Popular party, all offshoots of the original Republican Democrat party) was formed, under the premiership of Dr. Bernardino Machado. A military pronuncia- mento on May 20 caused the resignation of Dr. Machado. He was succeeded by a Liberal ministry under Dr. Barros Queiroz, who dissolved Parliament and held a general election on July 10.
The absence of a firm guiding hand had been especially felt after the murder of President Paes, and successive governments seemed to lose control over the finances. No government was strong enough to raise an internal loan, to revise the system of tax- ation or levy a war-profits tax, and, while the taxes were paid in worthless paper money, the Government had to buy wheat and pay the service on the debt in gold. Social unrest was chronic in March 1920; there was a general strike of civil, and post and telegraph, servants; a railway strike which began on Oct. i 1920, lasted 70 days; and a newspaper strike in 1921 for over two months. The Royalists showed themselves willing to exchange revolutionary for constitutional opposition, and King Manoel had constantly deprecated any revolutionary movement in view of the grave crisis through which the country was passing. The death of his uncle, the Duke of Oporto in 1920, left King Manoel without an heir to the throne. D. Miguel, Duke of Viseu, and his father D. Miguel, Duke of Braganza, renounced their right to the throne of Portugal in favour of D. Duarte Nuno, the younger son of the latter, born Sept. 23 1907.
The World War. At a special joint sitting of both Chambers on Aug. 7 1914 Portugal proclaimed her loyalty to the British Alliance, and on Nov. 23 formally committed herself to partici- pation in military operations. She served the cause of the Alh'es effectively by furnishing munitions, guns, and a division of artillery, and acted in close cooperation with Great Britain. In Oct. a Portuguese military mission arrived in London and a commercial mission followed in November. On Sept. n the first expedition of Portuguese troops left for Africa under the command of Colonels Alves Rocadas and Massano de Amorim, and fresh contingents followed at intervals, 40,000 troops in all being despatched for the defence of the colonies. Germany had not waited to be at war with Portugal in order to attack them. As early as Aug. 24 1914 a raid was made on the Portuguese post of Maziwa on the northern frontier of Mozambique. On Oct. 19 the Germans attacked Naulila (on the Angola frontier), where more serious fighting occurred two months later, and on Oct. 30 they stormed the fortress of Kwangar and put the garrison to the sword. On April n 1916 Portuguese troops occupied Kionga (S. of the Rovuma River), which Germany had seized in 1894, and on May 27 they crossed the Rovuma River. They were still cooperating with the British in rounding up the Germans when war ended.
The British Government had deprecated any unnecessary intervention of Portugal in the war, but agreed to the requisition- ing of German ships lying in Portuguese ports, and this was car- ried into effect in Feb. 1916. Consequently, Germany retaliated by declaring war on Portugal on March 9, and the declaration of
