| A. Female florets fibular, filiform, in from 2 to many series, always outnumbering the hermaphrodite ones. | |
| Herbs. Heads corymbose or clustered, rarely solitary. Pappus-hairs capillary, not barbellate | 9. Gnaphalium. |
| B. Female florets tubular, filiform, in 1 or 3 series, sometimes altogether wanting, fewer in number than the hermaphrodite ones (sometimes outnumbering the hermaphrodite ones in Raoulia). | |
| Herbs, usually alpine. Stems creeping or cæspitose, often compacted into bard rounded masses. Heads solitary, small, sessile. Involucral bracts often white and radiating | 10. Raoulia. |
| Herbs or small shrubs. Heads solitary or corymbose. Pappus-hairs various, often barbellate. Receptacle naked | 11. Helichrysum. |
| Shrubs with narrow leaves. Heads corymbose. Receptacle narrow; florets few, usually subtended by chaffy scales | 12. Cassinia. |
| Herbs. Flower-heads numerous, aggregated into a globose compound head surrounded by scarious bracts. Female florets wanting. Receptacle with scales between the florets | 13. Craspedia. |
Tribe 4. HELIANTHOIDEÆ.
Heads heterogamous, usually radiate, rarely discoid, or with the ray deficient and then homogamous. Receptacle with scales among the florets. Anther-cells not tailed. Style-branches truncate or furnished with an appendix. Pappus of stiff awns or short scales, never of capillary bristles.
| Involucral bracts in two series: outer narrow, glandular, spreading; inner broader, erect, and enclosing the rayflorets. Pappus wanting | 14. Siegesbeckia. |
| Involucral bracts in two series, about equal. Pappus of 2–4 stiff awns | 15. Bidens. |
Tribe 5. ANTHEMIDEÆ.
Heads heterogamous, radiate or discoid; or with the ray deficient and then homogamous. Involucral bracts dry or scarious at the tips. Receptacle naked or paleaceous. Anther-cells without tails. Style-branches truncate. Pappus wanting, or a crown of short scales.
| Herbs, usually flaccid or succulent. Heads discoid, pedunculate; female corolla short and broad. Achenes flattened, often winged | 16. Cotula. |
| Diffuse or prostrate herb. Heads discoid, sessile, axillary. Achenes hardly flattened, .–4-ribbed or -angled | 17. Centipeda. |
| Minute alpine herbs. Leaves entire, fleshy. Heads discoid. Female corolla tubular. Achene flattened or 4-angied | 18. Abrotanella. |
Tribe 6. SENECIONIDEÆ.
Heads heterogamous, radiate or discoid; or with the ray deficient and then homogamous. Involucral bracts usually in a single row, with a few small ones at the base. Receptacle usually naked. Anther-cells sometimes sagittate at the base, but with no true tails. Style-branches truncate or appendiculate. Pappus of capillary bristles.
| Herbs. Heads discoid. Female florets very slender, filiform, in 2–3 series | 19. Erechthites. |
