10 S. XL MAR. 27, 1909.] NOTES AND QUERIES.
255
include ' Solomon Isaacs,' ' Children of the
Ghetto,' ' Ghetto Tragedies,' &c.
The late Sir Walter Besant wrote at least two novels dealing with the same topic :
- The Rebel Queen ' and ' Something Queer.'
Farjeon produced a fine book called ' Miriam Rozella,' also ' Solomon Isaacs ' -and ' Aaron the Jew,' in all of which he describes Jewish life with much accuracy.
Then Frank Danby (Mrs. Frankau) wrote a masterly account of modern Jewish life in her book called ' Dr. Phillips ' ; and the same subject is dealt with in a later work,
- Pigs in Clover.'
Mr. Samuel Gordon, Secretary to the Great Synagogue, has written several works that deal with Jewish themes,, among others
- A Handful of Exotics ' and ' Unto Each
Man his Own.'
Several correspondents have recommended books, such as ' Israel chez les Nations,' by Anatole Leroy-Beaulieu ; Abbott's
- Israel in Europe ' ; and a work of refer-
ence, ' The Jewish Year-Book.'
This is but a brief epitome of the informa- tion so kindly afforded me.
(Hon. Mrs.) S. STEWABT. 10, Egerton Gardens, S.W.
ROSES AS BADGES : WHEEE BORNE <10 S. x. 87, 174, 218). MB. SYDNEY HEBBEBT at the first reference raises an interesting question, namely, upon what part of the person were roses, as badges, worn, and appears to take the view in which he is supported by MB. HOLDEN MACMICHAEL at the second reference that they were probably worn upon the collar, or perhaps upon the neck or breast, and not upon the surcoat, pennon, or helmet, in which case it would probably be composed of some textile material.
I have none of the older heraldic autho- rities to refer to here, but, taking badges generally, it may be interesting to see what those high, but modern authorities Boutell and Woodward have to say upon this subject.
In the 1864 (and best) edition of his ' Heraldry, Historical and Popular,' p. 254, Boutell states as follows :
" Badges may be considered to have con- stituted in themselves an early heraldry, since they certainly were in use before the adoption and recognition of regular coats of arms. In the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries badges were habitually used for the decoration of costume, military equipment, horse trappings, household furniture, and indeed for any variety of decorative
purpose They were sometimes selected from
the charges of coats of arms ; sometimes they were identical with crests ; but more generally
they appear to have been altogether distinct
from the other heraldic insignia that were borne
by the same persons. There is a marked dis-
tinction in many instances to be observed between
badges that were used in connection with livery
colours, to distinguish the armed followers,
and the retainers and attendants of royal, noble,
and knightly personages, and the badge that any
prince, noble, or knight might be pleased to
assume to bear about his own person."
Dr. Woodward (' Heraldry, English and Foreign,' 1896, vol. ii.) in his chapter on badges (p. 210) agrees with Boutell that badges may probably have been the earliest form of hereditary insignia, preceding shield or coat-armory. He goes on to say (p. 211) :
" But if badges thus preceded formal hereditary arms, they were also in high favour in the days of the purest heraldry. The badge was some- tunes identical with a charge of the shield, but this became less frequent in later tunes. Distinct as were crests and badges, the family badge sometimes came to be used as a crest. A badge may be described as a subsidiary family ensign, occasionally accompanied by a motto, borne not by the owner himself, but by his adherents, dependants, or retainers. The silken hangings of beds, the tapestry of chambers, the caparisons of horses, as well as robes were often powdered with badges. The badge was largely employed for all decorative purposes. In the fifteenth century it was used (usually in combination with the crest) as a charge upon the royal and knightly standards."
Later in this chapter Dr. Woodward gives instances both of the red and white roses occurring on a standard of Edward IV., of red roses as the smaller charges on the standard of Henry V., and of the York and Lancaster rose as borne on their standards by the two Tudor sovereigns Henry VII. and VIII. And see chap. ix. of this second volume.
This would seem to show that the use of " roses as badges " was scarcely so re- stricted as your correspondents have sug-
jsted. J. S. UDAL, F.S.A/
Antigua, W.I.
NICHOLAS AS A FEMININE NAME (10 S. xi. 87). When copying the inscriptions in Stepney Churchyard some years ago I came across a stone
" To the memory of Nicholas Ann Aitken> daughter of William and Mary Aitken, of Black- wall, who departed this Life on the 5th day of April, 1812, aged 26 years."
JOHN T. PAGE.
INDEX SAYING (10 S. x. 469 ; xi. 76, 194). " John Baynes, the reputed author of the ' Archffiological Epistle ' on the poems of Rowley, invented the pleasing anathema ' that the man who published a book without an index ought to be damned ten miles beyond hell, where the Deyil himself could not get for stinging-nettles.' "
