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534 ANNIUS OF VITERBO in the peerage of England. He was afterward made treasurer of the navy and lord privy seal, and held the latter office till 1 682, _ when he was dismissed for favoring the exclusion of the duke of York from the throne. He pub- lished several works on polemics, politics, con- stitutional law, and parliamentary privileges. JAMES ANNESLET, Lord Altham, his grandson, born in 1715, was kidnapped by his uncle and sent to America, where he was 13 years in slavery, but finally in 1743 established his legal right to the honors and estates of the earls of Anglesey, though he never assumed the title. Smollett gave the leading facts of the case in his novel of "Peregrine Pickle." The earldom of Anglesey expired in 1761, but the Irish peer- ages of Annesley and Valentia are held by de- scendants of Arthur Annesley. AMVHS OF VITERBO, an Italian Dominican, born at Viterbo about 1432, died Nov. 13, 1502. His real name was Giovanni Nanni, which he Latinized into Johannes Annius. He enjoyed the especial favor of Pope Alexander VI. and his family ; though his death was believed to have been caused by poison administered by command of Caesar Borgia, who wished to be rid of one whose plainness of speech offended his pride. Annius published in 1498 Anti- quitatum Volumina XVII., purporting to be a collection of works of ancient authors pre- viously supposed to be lost, including Berosus, Marcus Cato, Manetho, and others. It has long since been condemned as spurious. ANNO, or Hanno, Saint, archbishop of Cologne, died Dec. 4, 1075. He belonged to a noble fam- ily, and was destined at first to the profession of arms. He was chancellor under the em- peror Henry III., and tutor of Henry IV. After the death of Henry III., aided by Archbishop Adalbert of Bremen, and others, he obtained the regency, but soon laid it down in disgust. The hymn of St. Anno, composed about a cen- tury after the archbishop's death, is a kind of panegyric on the saint, commencing with the popular traditions of Germany, and touching on the history of the archiepiscopal see of Cologne, and of 33 bishops before the poet, among whom were seven saints. It was first printed from a forgotten manuscript by Martin Opitz of Dantzic in 1639. ANNONAT, a town of southern France, de- partment of Ardeche, 37 m. S. of Lyons, noted as the birthplace of the Montgolfiers, inventors of the air balloon, and for its paper made at mills erected by these famous brothers; pop. in 1866, 18,445. It has several celebrated manufactories of gloves. It is the point of junction of the Cance with the D6anme river, which is here crossed by a suspension bridge. ANNOTTO, Annatto, or Anutto, a red coloring matter extracted from the outer part of the seeds of a Brazilian evergreen, called the bixa Orellana. Dissolved in an alkali, as a crude pearl-ash, its color changes to orange. It is used to color milk, butter, and cheese. Dyers, painters, and soap-makers also make use of it. ANNUITY Though employed only for disguising other sub- stances, it is itself probably more adulterated than almost any other article of commerce. It has been purchased containing over 60 per cent, of chalk, and is often found contaminated with red lead, so that cheese colored with it has been made poisonous. Other substances usual- ly mixed with it are turmeric, rye, barley, and wheat flour, sulphate of lime, salt, alkali, Vene- tian red, and copper. ANNUITY, a yearly payment, subject to va- rious conditions. The payment may be stipu- lated without regard to any contingency, in which case it is called an annuity certain. If limited in time, it is called a term or tem- porary annuity certain. If no limit is fixed, it is called a perpetuity. A contingent annuity is one of which the payment is limited by the occurrence of some future event, uncertain as to time, but more or less probable. It is tem- porary when it must cease at a fixed time, pro- vided it has not already ceased by the previous occurrence of the contingent event. The con- sideration for insurance, as generally paid, is an example of contingent annuity, but is called premium. Annuities paid as reward for meri- torious services are called pensions ; and those paid for the use of real estate are called rent. Though the term annuity implies a year as the interval between the payments, yet in prac- tice it is made to include any series of equal or uniformly increasing or decreasing payments at equal intervals, as annual, semi-annual, quarter- ly, or monthly ; and in mathematical theory the intervals may be infinitely small, when the annuity is said to be payable momently. The most important contingency ever introduced into annuity contracts is that of death. A fixed sum which is payable at equal intervals during the entire life of a person is called a life an- nuity. If it depends on two or more lives, and is to cease on the death of either, it is called a joint life annuity. A survivorship annuity is one which so depends upon two or more lives, that it is to commence only when one or more begin to be survivors. These annuities may be temporary, or for the whole life, immediate or deferred ; that is, the first payment may take place in advance or immediately after the oc- currence of the contingency, or it may be de- ferred one or more of the equal intervals. The most important question in regard to any such series of payments is its present value. This would be easy to answer in regard to annuities certain, but for the interest of money. For if money .earned no interest, the present value would be the sum of all the future payments, which in case of a perpetuity would be infinite. If we assume any perpetual rate of interest, the present value of a perpetuity at that rate is obviously the principal that will yield that interest; and this principal is always less in regard to a given interest as the rate is higher. Any term annuity certain may be considered as the early portion of a perpetuity. Hence the difference between the principal, P, which