Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume I.djvu/833

ARTILLERY ARTOIS 797 a sliding bar in rear worked by two levers forcing the cartridges into the chambers. Gat- ling's mitrailleuse or machine gun was adopted just too late to be used in the war. It is com- posed of ten barrels, a hand crank causing them to revolve about a central axis parallel to their bores ; as each barrel comes opposite a certain point a self-primed metal-cased cartridge, fall- ing from a hopper, is pushed into the breech by a plunger, where it is exploded by the firing pin. The machinery is simple and not apt to get out of order, and the gun can fire 400 shots a minute with great range and precision. There are two calibres in the United States service, 1-inch and i-inch, the former firing, besides the -lb. bul- let, a cartridge containing 16 smaller projec- tiles, which at short ranges is highly effective. As the weight of the largest gun (600 Ibs.) is very great compared to that of the charge, there is little or no recoil, and when once pointed it requires hardly any adjustment. It is an admirable arm against night attacks, as FIG. 14. Galling Gun. well as to sweep flanks of fortifications, bridges, streets, breaches, &c., and is in general use in the United States for the defence of military posts on the Indian frontier. The Gatling gun has been also adopted by England, Russia, China, Turkey, and Egypt. The light guns employed by the United States troops during the civil war consisted of 3-inch wrought-iron rifles, 3-inch Parrotts, and 12-pdr. Napoleon guns ; the last, though abandoned in Europe, being still retained in the American service. Heavy rifled guns played a very prominent part in siege operations, the reduction of Fort Pulaski demonstrating that at 2,400 yards they can breach the best constructed brick scarp; at Fort Sumter the barbette fire was entirely destroyed and the work badly crippled by 14 Parrott rifles (300, 200, and 100-pdrs.), at ranges varying from 3,428 to 4,290 yards. Ver- tical fire was largely used also on both sides. In April, 1862, Fort Jackson, Louisiana, was bombarded at from 2,950 to 3,980 yards by 19 13-inch mortars from the mortar flotilla under Admiral Porter ; the fire was exceedingly ac- curate, and at the end of seven days made the place untenable. At the assault after the ex- plosion of the mine at Petersburg, July 30, 1864, 10 10-inch mortars, using case for the first time in America, prevented an annoy- ing confederate battery from firing a single shot. The little 24-pdr. Coehorn mortar proved very useful, particularly at the sieges of Charles- ton and Petersburg. This war also presents various instances of the employment of artil- lery masses. At Malvern Hill, July 1, 1862, the repeated assaults of the confederate infantry were handsomely repulsed by a grand battery of more than 150 guns under Gen. Barry, chief of artillery, posted on the heights to the west of the plateau. At Chancellors ville, May 2-3, 1863, after the rout of Howard's corps, the vic- torious confederates were checked and driven back by 24 pieces in mass hastily collected from different corps ; and at the same time another battery of 38 guns assembled near Fairview under Col. Best, chief of artillery of the 12th corps, did great service in keeping back the enemy. At Gettysburg, July 1-3, 1863, 120 confederate guns under Gen. Pendleton, chief of artillery, opened on the left of the Union army preparatory to an assault. Their fire was, however, too much dispersed ; and although Gen. Hunt, chief of artillery, could only bring 80 pieces to reply, he was able to render most efficient assist- ance to the infantry in repulsing both of their grand columns of at- tack. Rapid as the development of artillery has been since 1850, we are still in a period of transition due to the successful introduction of rifled cannon. This condition of change has also necessarily extend- ed to the science of fortification, which must conform to the offensive capacities of artillery. (See CANNON, GUNNERY, and GUNPOWDER.) ARTIODACTYLES, a name given by Owen to the even-toed division of the ungulata or hoofed, herbivorous animals, including the ru- minants or the two-toed animals which chew the cud, like the cow, sheep, antelope, camel, and the fossil anoplotherium, and the omnivo- rous mammals like the hog. In the opposite division of the perissodactyles, there is an odd number of toes : either one, as in the solidungu- late horse and hipparion ; three or five, as in the multungulate tapir, rhinoceros, and palse- otherium ; or five, as in the proboscidian ele- phant and mastodon. ARTOIS, a former province of northern France, which, with a small portion of Picardy, now forms the department of Pas-de-Calais. It lay principally between Flanders on the N. E. and E. and Picardy on the S. W. ; area, about 1,800 sq. m. The land is here almost level, and