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798 AKTOT the soil is exceedingly fertile, owing to the abun- dance of streams. Artesian wells receive their name from Artois, where they have been com- mon for many years. (See PAS-DE-CALAIS.) Artois was named from the Atrebates, its origi- nal inhabitants. After being subject from the 5th to the 9th century to the Franks, it was made in 863 a part of the dowry of Judith, daughter of Charles the Bald, when she mar- ried Baldwin of Flanders, but it was restored to France when Isabella of Hainault married Philip Augustus in 1180. Louis IX. made it a county in 1236, under his brother Robert as count. Artois was henceforth governed by Robert's descendants, male and female; but one of the latter marrying a Flemish prince, the county became part of Flanders until the treaties of the Pyrenees and of Nimeguen (1659 and 1678), when it was again made part of France. Before his accession to the throne (1824) and after his abdication (1830) Charles X. bore the title of count of Artois. AKTOT, Joseph, a Belgian violinist, born in Brussels in 1815, died in Paris, July 20, 1845. When a mere child, he was able to execute very difficult pieces on the violin. In the con- servatoire at Paris, he won at the age 13 the first prize for violin playing. After travelling over Europe with marked success, he associated himself in 1843 with Mine. Damoreau, and they gave concerts in the United States, soon after which he died. ARUNDEL, Thomas Howard, earl of Arundel and Surrey, an English patron of art, born July 7, 1592, died in Padua, Oct. 4, 1646. Un- der Elizabeth he enjoyed by courtesy the title of Lord Maltravers. The titles forfeited by the attainder of his father were restored in 1608 ; he was created earl marshal in 1621, and earl of Norfolk in 1644. He served as privy coun- cillor, lord high steward at the trial of Lord Strafford, envoy to the queen of Bohemia and the states general of the Netherlands, and am- bassador extraordinary to the emperor Fer- dinand II. He is best remembered by his gallery of statuary, which he commenced during his residence in Italy (1607-'14), and for the collection of which he sent John Evelyn to Rome, and Mr. (afterward Sir) William Petty to Greece and Asia Minor. The English am- bassadors at the Hague, Turin, Brussels, and Madrid also aided in its formation. Petty ac- quired valuable works at Paros, Delos, and Smyrna, particularly the celebrated Parian Chronicle, a long, oblong slab of marble, with important chronological records. The Arun- delian collection, when entire, comprised 37 statues, 128 busts, and 250 marbles with in- scriptions, exclusive of sarcophagi, altars, and fragments ; it included also gems, medals, and other intaglios which Lord Arundel had pur- chased at Venice from Daniel Nys for 10,000. During the civil war (1642), when he returned to Italy, part of the collection, chiefly the gems, were believed to have been removed by him ; while of those confiscated by parliament, a ARUNDEL number were said to have been secured by the Spanish ambassador in London, through the medium of Cromwell, for removal to Spain. On Lord Arundel's death his personal estate was divided between his eldest son Henry and his second son Sir William, the celebrated Viscount Stafford, who was executed in 1680. His grandson Henry, 6th duke of Norfolk, in 1667 presented the inscribed marbles forming a part of his moiety to the university of Oxford, at the instance of Evelyn and Selden. The statues, chiefly the busts, were in 1755 pre- sented to the university of Oxford by the coun- tess dowager of Pomfret, into whose possession they had passed. Other works of the Arundel collection were scattered ; some went to Chis- wick House, others to Beaconsfield, to Fawley Court, to the Norfolk seat at Worksop Manor, &c. The divorced duchess of Norfolk, by whom the busts and statues were sold, was also the owner of the cameos and intaglios, which finally passed to the duke of Marlborough and are known as the Marlborough gems. Lord Arundel's favorite bronze head of Homer, which is introduced into his portrait by Van- dyke, was purchased by Lord Exeter and pre- sented by him to the British museum. The greater part of the Greek inscriptions in the Arundel collection at Oxford were, according to Gassendi, discovered by Peiresc at Smyrna previous to their having been secured by Petty. They were increased by Selden's private col- lection and other contributions to 150 in- scribed marbles of various descriptions. It is proposed to remove both the Arundel and Pomfret marbles from the rooms beneath the Bodleian library, where they now are (1873), to the new Oxford museum. The Parian Chronicle was executed at Paros about 263 B. C., and contains chronological records from 1582 to 264 B. C. Celebrated among Lady Pomfret's contributions to the collection are a colossal torso of a Minerva, and several statues of Roman senators, including one supposed to represent Cicero. At the suggestion of Sir Richard Cotton, and in concert with two em- inent scholars, Selden published Marmora Arundeliana (1628). An edition by Prideaux of the whole set of inscriptions, issued in 1676 under the title of Marmora Oxoniensia, ex Arundelianu, Seldenianis, &c., was repub- lished with additional comments by Maittaire in 1732. In 1763 a new and splendid edition was published under the auspices of Dr. Chandler of Magdalen college, including ancient inscrip- tions collected by various learned travellers and engravings of 167 marbles, 103 of which belonged to the Pomfret donation. Among the other valued authorities on the subject is Bockh's Corpus Inscriptionum Grcecarum. The Arundel society in London, for the multi- plication of fine chromotint copies of remark- able monuments of the old masters, was founded in 1849, and has given a wide and cheap circu- lation to works of art which had been pre- viously accessible only to the rich.