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194 ILLYRIA IMMACULATE CONCEPTION were generally poor, rapacious, and fierce ; in earlier times the tribe of the Autariatas held the first rank as warriors. They had the cus- toms of tattooing and of offering human sacri- fices, and were always ready to sell their mili- tary services to the highest bidder, like the modern Albanian Shkipetars, in whom probably their blood yet flows. The Illyrians supplied the Greeks with cattle and slaves, often in ex- change for salt. Grecian exiles found their way into Illyria, and Grecian myths became localized there. After the death of Alexander the Great most of the tribes recovered their independence, but their piracies gave umbrage to the Romans. The Roman ambassadors who protested against their depredations were mur- dered by the Illyrian queen Teuta. The first Illyrian war was commenced in 230 B. C., and the queen was obliged in 229 to make peace by the surrender of part of her dominions. The second war, commenced by Demetrius of Pha- ros, the guardian of the Illyrian prince Pineus, was successfully terminated by the consul L. ^Emilius Paulus in 219. Pleuratus, the succes- sor of Pineus, cultivated the friendship of the Romans, but his son Gentius formed an alli- ance with Perseus, king of Macedon. He was conquered in the same year as Perseus, and Il- lyria as well as Macedon became subject to Rome (168). In the new organization under Constantine, Illyricum was one of the great divisions of the empire, and was divided into Occidentale, including Illyricum proper, Pan- nonia, and Noricum, and Orientale, comprising Dacia, Mcesia, Macedonia, and Thrace. On the fall of the western empire (A. D. 476) it re- mained a part of the eastern. About two cen- turies later the Slavic settlers from northern Europe separated themselves from the Byzan- tine government, and laid the foundation of the governments of Croatia and Dalmatia. At the end of the llih century some portions of the Illyrian territory were taken by Venice and Hungary. About a century later the king- dom of Rascia was created, out of which Servia and Bosnia were subsequently formed. Dal- matia passed successively through the hands of the Venetians, Hungarians, and Turks. Venice retained only a small portion of Dalmatia, while Hungary kept Slavonia and part of Croa- tia. Austria obtained Dalmatia and adjacent islands by the treaty of Campo Formio in 1797. The name Illyria, which had gradually disappeared, was revived in 1809 by the or- ganization of the Illyrian provinces by Napo- leon, comprising the territories of Carniola, Carinthia, Istria, part of Croatia, Dalmatia, Ragusa, and a military district, with a popula- tion of 1,275,000. After the fall of Napoleon they were reunited to the Austrian government, which in 1816 raised Illyria to the nominal dig- nity of a kingdom. It embraced the duchies of Carniola, Carinthia, Friuli, and Istria, the Hungarian Coastland, part of Croatia, and the islands in the gulf of Quarnero, having an area of about 11,000 sq. m. The Coastland and Croatia were separated from it in 1822, and reunited with Hungary, where they have formed since 1849 part of Croatia and Slavonia. The kingdom was dissolved in the same year into the crownlands of Carinthia, Carniola, and the Littorale. The Illyrian language is one of the southern branches of the Slavic family of languages. .(See SERVIAN LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE.) ILOPANGO, a lake of Central America, in the republic and 6 m. S. E. of the city of San Sal- vador. It is about 14 m. long by 6 broad, and is clearly of volcanic origin. On all sides it is surrounded by high, abrupt hills, composed of scorire and volcanic stones. It receives no tributary streams, although it has a small out- let, flowing through a dark narrow ravine into the Rio Jiboa, near the base of the volcano of San Vicente. The surface of the water is not less than 1,200 ft. below the level of the sur- rounding country. When the surface is ruffled by a breeze, it takes a brilliant green color, and exhales a disagreeable sulphurous odor. IMAGE WORSHIP. See ICONOCLASTS. niliKHT, Barthelemi, a French poet, born in Nlines in 1747, died in Paris, Aug. 23, 1790. His poem entitled Jugement de Paris (1772) passed through many editions, and he also published fables, plays, and novels, the best of the latter being Let egarernents de Tamour (1776). His CEvvre poetiques appeared in 2 vols., 1777; his OSmres diverges in 1782; and his (Euvres choisies en ten in 4 vols., 1797. IMMACULATE CONCEPTION, a doctrine of the Roman Catholic church which teaches that the Virgin Mary was in her conception exempt from all stain of original sin. Though this be- lief had been held in the eastern and western churches from a remote antiquity, it was not defined as an article of faith until Dec. 8, 1854. It is formally stated in the constitution of Pius IX., Ineffabilis Dem, in the following words : " We define the doctrine which holds the most blessed Virgin Mary in the first in- stant of her conception to have been preserved free from all stain of original sin, by the sin- gular grace and privilege of Almighty God and through the merits of Jesus Christ the Saviour of the human race, to be a doctrine revealed by God, and therefore to be firmly and con- stantly held by all the faithful." The decree itself is further explained by the annexed passage from the constitution Sollicitudo om- nium Eeclesiarum of Alexander VII.: "It is an ancient belief of Christ's faithful with re- gard to his virgin mother, that her soul in the first instant of its creation and union with the body was, by a special grace and privilege of God, . . . preserved free from the stain of ori- ginal sin ; and it is in this belief that they hon- or and celebrate the feast of her conception." The defined doctrine therefore refers not to the active but to the passive conception, that is, to the soul and body of the Virgin in the first instant of their creation and union; at that instant, in view of the merits of the Son,