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28 HUDSON 19 of bread, &c., 1 of cars, 25 of clothing, 1 of cooperage, 3 of crucibles, 2 of drugs and chemi- cals, 1 of feathers, 3 of gas, 1 of heating appa- ratus, 1 of India-rubber goods, 11 of iron, 3 of jewelry, 11 of machinery, 6 of marble and stone work, 2 of molasses and sirup, 4 of oak- um, 1 of castor oil, 2 of paints, 2 of paper, 1 of polishing preparations, 3 of silk goods, 4 of soap and candles, 3 of steel, 8 of tin, copper, and sheet-iron ware, 37 of cigars, 1 of watches, 1 flour mill, 4 breweries, 2 saw mills, and 4 pork- packing establishments. Capital, Jersey City. HUDSON, a city and the capital of Columbia co., New York, situated on the E. or left bank of the Hudson river, at the head of ship navi- gation, 116m. above New York city and 29 m. below Albany; pop. in 1850, 6,280; in 1860, 7,187; in 1870, 8,615. It is beautifully situ- ated on rising ground, and presents a highly picturesque appearance, especially when seen from the river at a distance. A slate bluff rises abruptly from the water to a height of 60 ft., whence a ridge slopes upward for 1J m., terminating in Prospect hill, 500 ft. above the river. The principal street runs along this ridge, from Prospect hill to a public square laid out on the summit of the bluff. The city is divided into four wards, and is regularly laid out, with streets crossing each other at right angles. The principal public buildings are the court house, a handsome marble and limestone building, 116 ft. long and 60 ft. high, sur- mounted by a dome and faced by an Ionic portico, and the city hall, a brick edifice, con- taining the post office. Hudson is a terminus of the Hudson and Boston railroad, and an im- portant station on the Hudson River railroad. It has regular steamboat communication with Albany and New York ; and from Athens on the opposite bank of the river, with which it is connected by a steam ferry, a branch of the New York Central railroad extends to Sche- nectady. The wharves are built on two bays at either side of the public square, and are ac- cessible by large ships. It is said that at one time Hudson owned a larger amount of ship- ping than New York. It was made a port of entry in 1795, had an extensive commerce with the West Indies and Europe, and owned a num- ber of whaling and fishing vessels. Its com- merce was destroyed during the embargo and the war of 1812; and although the whaling business was resumed, it has since been entirely abandoned. Its trade, however, is still im- portant, the principal article of export being pressed hay for the New York market. The chief manufactures are of iron. The Hudson iron company and the Columbia iron works to- gether turn out from 60 to 75 tons of pig iron per day. There are two machine shops, two iron founderies, a stove foundery, manufacto- ries of steam fire engines, paper car wheels, tiles, and pianos, six carriage factories, two breweries, three rectifying establishments, knit- ting mills, a spoke factory, a pump and block factory, a tannery, a flour mill, three national banks with a capital of $750,000, a savings bank, and 10 hotels. The city is lighted with gas, is supplied with drinking water through iron pipes from a spring 2 m. distant, and has an efficient fire department. There are six public schools with about 1,000 pupils, an acad- emy, three public libraries, two daily and three weekly newspapers, an orphan asylum, and 12 churches. Hudson, originally known as Clave- rack Landing, was settled in 1783. It was in- corporated as a city in 1785. A lunatic asy- lum was established here in 1832, but given up on the opening of the state asylum at Utica. HUDSON, a township and village of Summit co., Ohio, at the junction of the Cleveland and Pittsburgh and the Cleveland, Mt. Vernon, and Columbus railroads, 25 m. S. by E. of Cleveland and 120 m. N. E. of Columbus; pop. in 1870, 1,520. The village is pleasantly situated and neatly bnilt. It is the seat of the Western Re- serve cqllege, chartered in 1826, which has handsome grounds and five substantial college halls. In 1872-'3 the academical department had 8 professors and instructors, 52 students, and a library of 10,000 volumes; the prepara- tory department had 2 instructors and 47 pu- pils. The medical department (Cleveland med- ical college) is in Cleveland; it was founded in 1843, and in 1871-'2 had 14 professors and instructors, 76 students, and a library of 6,000 volumes. There is also a female seminary. HUDSON, Henry, a British navigator and dis- coverer, born about the middle of the 16th century. He was first employed by a compa- ny of London merchants to search for the N. W. passage in 1607, when he sailed in a small vessel with a crew of only ten men and a boy to the E. coast of Greenland, lat. 80, where he was stopped by ice. After three months of fruitless exploration he returned to England, whence he sailed again, April 21, 1608, hoping to find the passage between Nova Zembla and Spitzbergen, but was again hindered by ice, not being able to get to the eastward of the former land. On April 4, 1609, he began another voyage to the N. E. of Asia, sailing from Amsterdam in the service of the Dutch East India company. His crew being unable to endure the climate, he sailed for the Ameri- can coast, hoping to find a passage N. of Vir- ginia. On July 18 he anchored in a harbor on the coast of Maine. Sailing S., he discovered Delaware bay on Aug. 28 and explored it. Re- turning, he anchored within Sandy Hook Sept. 3, and on the llth discovered the river that bears his name. In April, 1610, he began his fourth voyage with 23 sailors, passing in June and July through the strait and into the bay which now bear his name. Finding, how- ever, that this did not give him an open route westward, he resolved to winter there and resume explorations in the spring. His pro- visions ran short, and he was compelled to return. It is said that he incautiously de- clared that in their destitute condition he would have to leave some behind, and in a mutiny he