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500 JACOBITES JACOBSON revolution. Extreme opinions gaining the as- cendancy in it, its original founders abandoned it, and established the societe de 1789 or des Feuillants, where more moderate notions were entertained. The only result was to make the Jacobins more radical and boisterous. They extended their influence all over France, 1,200 branch societies being established previous to 1791, and this number increasing in the follow- ing years. All the affiliated societies obeyed orders from the headquarters in Paris. The Journal de la societe des amis de la consti- tution was added to the ordinary means of correspondence in May, 1791, and conveyed revolutionary principles to every corner of the kingdom. The Jacobins were foremost in the insurrectionary movements of June 20 and Aug. 10, 1792; they originated the revolution- ary commune de Paris, which became a formida- ble power, and changed their former name to lei amis de la liberte et de Tegalite, From this time they ruled supreme, and for a while the convention itself was but their tool. Robes- pierre was indebted for his political supremacy to the popularity he had secured among them. The revolution of the 9th Thermidor, which overthrew him, was a fatal blow to the Jaco- bins; the terror they had inspired gradually vanished; the reactionary affiliation styled la jeunesse doree went in force to attack their headquarters, and the convention issued de- crees .for the suspension of their meetings and the closing of their hall (November, 1794). The scattered remains of the party attempted to regain influence by establishing the club du manege, and then the club de la rue du Bac, but in vain. JACOBITES. I. A Christian sect in the East, particularly in Syria and Mesopotamia. They derive their name from Jacobus Baradseus, bishop of Edessa, who in the 6th century es- tablished a permanent ecclesiastical organiza- tion among the Monophysites, or those who maintained that the divine and human natures in Jesus Christ were so united as to form only one nature. At the death of Baradfflus in 578, this sect was very numerous in Syria, Mesopo- tamia, Armenia, Egypt, Nubia, and Abyssinia. The Egyptian Jacobites in the course of ages separated from their Asiatic brethren, and formed the Coptic church. (See COPTS.) At the head of the Jacobites is a patriarch, who now resides in a monastery near Mardin. Next to the patriarch is the maphrian, who was for- merly the head of the eastern branch of the Jacobites and had power equal to that of the patriarch. At present he has the jurisdiction of a bishop, retaining of his former preroga- tives only the title. He resides in a monastery near Mosul. Formerly there were under the jurisdiction of the patriarch 20 metropolitans and 103 bishops; but this number has been re- duced to 8 metropolitans and 3 bishops. The Jacobites are reported to number about 34,000 families. In their church service they use the Syriac language, which is no longer understood by the people. Those Jacobites who have joined the Roman Catholic communion are called United Syrians. They have a patriarch, who has the title of patriarch of Antioch, 4 archbishops, and 8 bishops. The entire popu- lation connected with the church is estimated at 30,000. II. A party in Great Britain (so called from Lat. Jacobus, James) who after the revolution of 1688 adhered to the cause of the dethroned King James II. and his descendants. They were numerous and powerful in Scot- land, and for more than half a century contin- ued to conspire for the restoration of the ex- iled house of Stuart. They rose in unsuccess- ful revolt in 1715, and again in 1745. Their final extinction as a party may be dated from the death of the pretender Charles Edward in 1788, though they had long before ceased to be formidable to the established government. JACOBS. I. Christian Friedrieh illiclm. a Ger- man author, born in Gotha, Oct. 6, 1764, died there, March 30, 1847. He was for many years in charge of the library and numismatic cabi- net at Gotha, and from 1831 to 1842 of all the art collections in that town. He published over 50 volumes, the principal of which are his editions and translations of the classics and his Elementarbuch der griechischen Sprache (4 vols., Jena, 1805). II. Paul Emil, a German painter, son of the preceding, born in Gotha in 1802, died Jan. 6, 1866. From 1818 to 1825 he studied in the academy at Munich, where he acquired reputation by his paintings of " The Flight into the Wilderness " and " Adam and Eve finding the Dead Body of Abel." Ho went to Rome in 1825, where he produced several pictures in the manner of Raphael, among which are the " Resurrection of Laza- rus " and the " Rape of Proserpine." In 1828 he returned to Germany, and in 1830 went to St. Petersburg, where he remained till 1834, painting " General Diebitsch in the Camp at Adrianople," and an altarpiece. Returning to Germany, he decorated in fresco a hall in the royal castle at Hanover. In 1840 he went to Gotha, where he became court painter to the duke, and produced several successful paint- ings, among the best of which is "The Sultan and Scheherazade." His "Judith and Holo- fernes" and "Samson and Delilah " received prizes in Philadelphia in 1850. JACOBS, Jacqnes Albert Michel, known also as JACOBS JACOBS, a Belgian painter, born in Ant- werp in 1812. He studied in Antwerp, trav- elled in the East, and produced many marine pieces, landscapes, and views of towns. His " Shipwreck of the Florida " and " View of Constantinople " are at Munich. JACOBS, Pierre Francois, a Belgian painter, born in Brussels about 1780, died in Rome in 1808. He repeatedly won prizes while a stu- dent at the academy of Brussels, and became famous by his picture of " The Head of Pom- pey presented to Csesar," executed in Rome. JACOBSON, William, an English bishop, born in Norfolk in 1803. He graduated at Lincoln