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JAMES CITY JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART 521 Oxford in August, 1629. He was educated at Winchester school and at New college, Oxford, of which he became fellow in 1593. In 1602 he was appointed the first librarian of the Bod- leian library, a post which he occupied for nearly 20 years. In 1614 he became sub-dean of Wells, and not long after rector of Mon- gehara, Kent. He was author of a number of learned works, mostly controversial, the principal of which are : Helium Papule (4to, 1600, 1678), and " A Treatise of the Corrup- tion of Scriptures, Councils, and Fathers, by the Prelates, Pastors, and Pillars of the Church of Rome for the Maintenance of Popery" (4to, 1612, 1688; new ed. by the Rev. J. E. Cox, 1843). His " Catalogue of the Bodleian Library" (4to, 1605, 1620), and other writings, are highly esteemed by scholars. JAMES CITY, a S. E. county of Virginia, bounded N. E. by York river, S. by James river, and W. by the Chickahominy ; area, 184 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 4,425, of whom 2,440 were colored. It has a rolling surface, well timbered with oak and pine. The chief produc- tions in 1870 were 10,350 bushels of wheat, 64,- 128 of Indian corn, 8,238 of oats, 6,804 of Irish and 5,071 of sweet potatoes, and 11,809 Ibs. of butter. There were 298 horses, 497 milch cows, 912 other cattle, and 2,485 swine ; 1 flour mill, and 2 saw mills. Capital, Williamsburg. JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART, called the chevalier of St. George, a pretender to the throne of England, son of James II., born in London, June 10, 1688, died in Rome, Jan. 2, 1766. His legitimacy was suspected even be- fore his birth, many believing that his mother, Queen Mary of Modena, was not really preg- nant, but that it was intended to introduce fraudulently a pretended Roman Catholic heir. Though this charge has been disproved, it was one of the reasons why the infant prince was not proclaimed king immediately after the de- thronement of his father in 1 688. His childhood was passed at St. Germain, where Louis XIV. gave an asylum to the exiled family. On his father's death he was immediately acknowl- edged king of Great Britain by Louis XIV. under the title of James III. He was recog- nized also by the king of Spain, the pope, and the duke of Savoy. But no active measures were taken in his behalf till March, 1708, when he sailed from Dunkirk with a French fleet for the invasion of Scotland. The expedition re- turned without having effected a landing, and the prinfe now assumed the name of the cheva- lier of St. George and joined the French army in Flanders. He was present at the battle of Oudenarde in July, 1708; and in that of Mal- plaquet in September, 1709, he charged the Eng- lish at the head of the French cavalry. Mean- time the English parliament set a price of 100,- 000 crowns upon his head. In 1713 he was se- cretly favored by Bolingbroke and other min- isters of Anne, and the queen herself regarded him with predilection; but he rejected their advice to renounce, or pretend to renounce, the Roman Catholic faith. The sudden death of Anne arrested the designs of Bolingbroke and the Jacobites; and Bishop Atterbury, who vainly offered to head a procession to proclaim James at Charing Cross, is said to have ex- claimed with indignation, "There is the best cause in Europe lost for want of a little spirit." The chevalier hastened to the court of Ver- sailles, but Louis, unwilling to give England any pretext for rupture, ordered him to leave France, and he retired to Plombieres, where he issued a manifesto which was published in England, asserting his right to the crown. At Commercy in Lorraine he was joined by Bo- lingbroke, who sought in his interest to incite the French government to war with England. This was prevented by the death of Louis XIV., and the hopes of the chevalier were languish- ing when, on Aug. 27, 1715, the earl of Mar invited the principal Jacobite gentlemen of Scotland to a great hunting match, took with them the oath of fidelity to James III., and raised the standard of rebellion in the high- lands. Encouraged by vessels from France with arms and officers, Mar was soon at the head of 10,000 well equipped men, made him- self master of Fifeshire, and marched to Dun- blane. He at first fell back before the duke of Argyll, commander-in-chief of the English forces in Scotland, but being reenforced fought with him the doubtful battle of Dunblane (Nov. 13, 1715). On the same day in Eng- land the Jacobites were obliged to surrender Preston, with many prisoners, and news was received that Lord Lovat had delivered up the castle of Inverness, though hitherto pro- fessing to act in the interest of the chevalier. The clans soon began to forsake the standard of Mar, whose army dwindled to half its origi- nal number. Though the chevalier had been proclaimed in numerous places in England and Scotland, his partisans had gained no formida- ble successes. While his cause bore this gloomy aspect, he himself arrived at Peterhead, Dec. 22, 1715, passed incognito through Aberdeen, received Mar most cordially at Fetteresso, made his public entry into Dundee, and continued his progress to the royal palace of Scone. Though everywhere received with acclamation, he was disappointed to find, instead of a large and victorious army, only a discordant multi- tude, without money, arms, or ammunition. He had not the energy and courage to struggle with the difficulties of his position. The reso- lution to retreat was taken at a council on Jan. 29, and at Montrose he reembarked for the continent with every appearance of deser- tion and deceit. It has been asserted, how- ever, that he yielded only to the argument that his followers would obtain better terms from the government in his absence than if he re- mained. After a voyage of seven days he landed at Gravelines, whence he proceeded to St. Germain. The triple alliance (1 71 7) obliged him to leave France, and in the following year he was received with regal honors at Madrid,