Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 13.djvu/134

MARTIN. 112 MARTIN. swallows, and in America to those of the genus Progne. See Plate of Swallows. MARTIN. The name of five popes, the second and tliiid of whom are more properly known as Marinus I. and 11., though since the thirteenth century the two names have commonly been eon- founded in the lists. JUktin I., Saint, Pope 649-655. He was a martyr to his firm stand against monothclitism, which he caused to be condemned in the first Lateran Council. (See Latekan Councils.) In consequence he was inncn critique des munuscrits du roman de Renard (1872), followed by two editions of Rey- nacrl (1872), and Roman de Renait (1882-87), and by yeue Fraginente dcr Gedichte von den Voi Reinaerde (188'J); l^lsiissische Litleraturdcnk- nuiler des l.'iten his llien Jahrhundcrts (1878- 87) ; ^V6rterhuch drr elsassischcn Mundart (18'J7) ; and an edition of Parcival und Titurel (1900). IflA.RTIN, miir'tfiN', FlSux (1804-80). A French-Canadian .Jesuit, born at Auray iu Brit- seized by the Greek Emperor Constans II., who tany. In 1842 he was sent to Canada to assist attempted to depose liim and carried him oil jn reestablishing Jesuit missions there. He found- to the Crimea, where he died a prisoner. — Mar- ed Saint Mary's College in ilontreal : collected ma- TlN II., Pope 882-884. Before his election to lerial for the liistory of Canada, and published fill the vacancy caused by the violent death of and edited many works throwing light on the John VIII., he had been Bishop of C«re, and old Canadian Jesuit missions, among which are chosen by three poi)es to represent them as legate the following: Manuel du ptlerin de Notre Dame in the delicate negotiations with the East, in rfe Bon Hecours (Montreal, 1848) ; Relation des which eapacitv he was present at the fourth coun- cil of Constantinople in 809. As Pope he had close relations with the English King Alfred, to whom he sent a relic of the cross. — Mabtin HI., Pope 942-940. A Konian by birth and a man of high repute for learning and piety, though his pontificate fell in the unhappy period of the domination of the Italian noble factions. — M.vk- TIN IV., Pope 1281-85, Simon de Prion. A rrenchman by birth, he became canon of Tours, was made cardinal by Urban IV. in 1201, and was several times legate in France. He was elected Pope bv the influence of the French party in the Sacred "College, aided by the presence at Viterbo (where the conclave was held) of Charles of Anjou. whom he afterwards constantly sup- ported, especially in his efforts to retain pos- session of Sicily.— Martin V., Pope 1417-31, Ottone Colonna. " He was born in Rome in 1308. He was named cardinal in 1405 by Innocent VII., and in 1410 appointed to adjudicatp the appeal of Huss, against whom he decided. By his election to the Papacv at Constance the great schism (see Schism. Wk.stkhn) was finally extinguished. He presided in all the subsequent sessions of the council : and when the Fathers separated without discussing urgent ipiestions of reform, he was finally persuaded to call another council, origi- nally" at Pa via, then, from fear of the plague, at Siena, and when it was about to meet at Basel, he designated the zealous reformer Cardinal Ce- sarini as its president. Martin himself, how- ever, died just before the assembling of the council. MARTIN, miir't.'n, Eduard (1809-75). A CJcnnan i.I.slctrician. He was born at Heidel- berg; studied medicine there, at .lena, OJlttin- genT and Berlin: and. in 1837. became professor of gynircologv at .lena, and in 1858 at Berlin. Martin was one of the first to operate on diseased ovaries. He wrote: Lehrhuch dcr (Ichurtshilfe fiir Hchammen (1854 and often) : Handallas dcr Ovtuikoloflie (1862: 2d ed. 1878): and Die Yei- ffunijen und Beugungen der Gebarmutter (1806; 2d ed. 1870). MARTIN, Ernst (1841 — ). A flerman sebobir in Komanec and Oermanic philology. He was horn at Jena, a son of Eduard Martin: studied at ^.Tena. Berlin, and Bonn, and was made profes'sor at Strassbnrg in 1877. after hav- ing taught in the universities of FreiburL' and Prague. He wrote a verv valuable Mitlclhorh- dcutsrhe Grammatik (1865; 12th ed. 1896) ; Em- Jcsuites (1850), an enlarged edition of O'Cal- laghan's work; Mission du Canada, relations int- dites (1861); De Montcalm en Canada (1807); and Le R. 1'. Isaac Jogues (1873). He assisted Carayon in a series of volumes on the Jesuit mia- sions. MARTIN, Francois Xavier (c.I702-1846). An American jurist and historian. He was born in Marseilles, France, and when about eighteen yeai-s of age engaged in business at Martinique. "lie failed and went to New Berne, N. C, about 1783. He learned the printer's trade, and soon had an office of his own. Under the patronage of ex-Governor Abner Xash he began the study of law. In 1792 he compiled by request of the General Assembly the British statutes which were in force in 'Xorth Carolina at the time of the Revolution. In 1794 lie compiled the private acts of the Assembly, and in 1803 extended .Judge Iredell's revision from 1789. Jleanwhile he had translated and published Pothicr on Obligations, setting the type himself. In 1800-07 he represented the borough of New Berne in the .ssembly. In 1809 President Madison appoint- ed him judge of the Territory of Mississipi)i, and the next year he was transferred to the Territory of Orleans. Wlien the State of Louisi- ana was admitted to the Union, he became the first Attorney-General, in 1813. In 1815 he was appointed to the Supreme Court and served thirty-one years. During the latter part of this time" he was senior or presiding judge. At the time of his appointment the law in force in tlic State was a mixture of Spanish and French statutes and decisions, into wliieh the writ of habeas eor/ws and the system of procedure in criminal eases according to the eonuuon law had been introdiieed. Judge IMartin's services in welding into a homogeneous whole this mass of contradictory statutes and jirinciplcs gave him the title, 'Father of the jurisprudence of Louisi- ana.' During the last ten years of his life lie was practically Iilind. but continued to do full work on the bench until superseded by the judges appointed under the new Constitution in 18l.">. In addition to his judicial labors, he publishcil two volumes of Rr/iorls of the Sujicrior Courts of Orleans, from 1809 to 1812 (1811 and 1813) ; eighteen volumes of Reports of the flupreme Court of Louisiana (lS13-."?0) : a Uistorji of Lou- isinna (1827) : and a nistorii of Xorth Carolina ( 1829). though this was completed before he left that State in 1809.