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MARTIN. 113 MABTIN. MAR'TIN, Gregouy (?-1582). A translator of the Bible, born at .Maxfield in Sussex, England. He was educated at Saint Jolm's College, Oxford (H.A. loGl, M.A. 15()5), where he was distin- guished as a Hebraist and Grecian. After leav- ing the university, he became tutor to Philip Howard, afterward Earl Arundel. A .stanch Catholic, he eucouraf;ed the Howards to remain true to their faith. Unable to conform to the Established Church, he tied to Douai in Flanders (1570). where he taught Hebrew in the English College, then just established. In 1577 he was sent to help organize the English College at Kome. In 1578 the college at Douai was moved to Rheinis. There Jlartin spent the rest of his life in the translation of the Bilde. lie died October 28, 1582. The famous Douai Bible, though since revised, is still the standard among English Catholics. It was made from the Latin, collated with the Greek and the Hebrew versions. The New Testament appeared at Rheims in 1582. The Old Testament was not published till 1609- 10. The whole was revised by Bishop Challoner in 1749-50. Though Jlartin's version was severely criticised by English Protestants, it was freely used for the authorized Protestant version made under King James. MARTIN, mar'tfiN'. Henri (1810-8.3). An eminent French historian, born at Saint Quen- tin, February 20, 1810. Educated for the prac- tice of law, he soon abandoned law for litera- ture. At first he wrote historical romances and poetry, but later, with Paul Lacroix, he began the task of compiling a history of France, to be made up of extracts from dift'erent authors. One volume only was published, when La- ' roix abandoned it, but Jlartin resolved to uo on. The first volume appeared in 1833, and the undertaking was completed in 183G. -Meanwhile he set to work on a history of his own, the first edition of which appeared in the years 1833-30. in fifteen volumes. The third and enlarged edition appeared between 1837 and 1854. in nineteen volumes. In 1844 the Academy of Inscriptions gave Jlartin a prize of 9000 francs: in 1851 he received the Gobert Prize, and in 1SG9 was awarded the great prize of 20,000 francs by the Institute. After the fall of the Second Empire he was elected to the National Assembly, and in 1876 he was elected Senator. In 1878 he became a member of the French Acad- emy. As an historian Martin belongs to the school of Thierry. His Histoire de France, which conies down to the year 1789, was later continued into the nineteenth century by the Flistoire de France mod-erne (2d ed., Paris, 1878-85). He was the author of numerous other literary and historical works, but his gi'eat fame rests on the Hh-toire de France. Consult: Hano- taux. Henri Martin (Paris, 1885) ; Jules Simon, Miffnet, Michelet, Henri Martin (ib., 1889) ; Mulct, Souvenirs intimes (ib., 1885). MAR'TIN, Henry Austin (1824-S4). An American surgeon, born in London and educated at the Harvard iledical School. He served as surgeon in the Union Army and was promoted to lioiitennntcolonel and medical director. In his practice in Boston, after the war, he made himself well known by introducing the Beau- gency virus (1870). the use of the rubber band- age ( 18771 . and tracheotomy without tubes (1878). MARTIN, IlE.NKY Newell (1848-90). An American biologist, born in Newry, Ireland. He was educated at Universitj' College, London, and at Christ College, Cambridse. where he became fellow; and in 187G was chosen professor of bi- ology at Johns Hopkins and director of the biological laboratcn-y. Jlartin there carried out some valuable experiments on respiration in gen- eral and especially on the beating of the heart of a mammal after death. He edited studies from the Biolor/ical Laboratory of Johns Hop- kins, and the Journal of Physiology ; assisted Huxley in his Practical Biology (1876), and Jloale in a Handbook of Ycrtebrate Dissection (1881-84); and wrote, apart from the papers above mentioned on respiration, Observations in Jlcgard to the Supposed Suction-Pump Action of the Mammalian Heart (1887). MARTIN, HoniER D. (183G-97). An Ameri- can landscape painter. He was born at Albany, N. Y., October 28, 183G, and became a pupil of William Hart, at Albany, a landscape painter of the Hudson River School. In 1875 he was elect- ed a member of the National Academy, and in 1878 he became one of the founders of the Society of American Artists. He spent several years in France, at Villerville and Honfleur. He died in Saint Paul, Minn., February 12, 1897. His in- terpretation of nature is always poetical : his work was at first careful in detail, but later it became impressionistic in style. His composi- tion shows a keen comprehension of form, owing to the careful studies that he made from nature. His color is subdued, often expressed in tones of mellow browns, with suljtie qualities of reflected light and shade. His brush work is firm and broad, and his paintings express large spaces, both in sky and land. Among his best-known works are: "Lake George;" "Westchester Hills;" "A Mountain Brook;" "Trouville at Night;" "Normandj- Trees;". "A Normandy Farm;" "Au- tumn on the Susquehanna;" "An Old Church in Normandy;" "View on the Seine;" "Sand Dunes, Lake Ontario," Metropolitan Museum, New York; "Mounts iladison and Jeflferson;" "Headquarters of the Hudson;" "Landscape." The Centurv Club of New York possesses his "Adirondaclis" (187G), "High Tide at Viller- ville," and "Lighthouse at Honfleur." Consult Caftin, American Masters of Painting (New York, 1902). MARTIN, John (1789-1854). An English historical and landscape painter. He was born at Haydon, near Hexham, July 19, 1789. The only art instruction that he received was from a china painter at Newcastle. In 1806 he moved to London, at first practising china painting. He exhibited his first picture. ".Sadak in Search of the Waters of Oblivion," at the Roval Academy, in 1812: "Adam's First Sight of Eve" (1813"), and "Clytie" (1814). In 181G "Joshua Com- manding the Sun to Stand Still" gained for him a premium of £100 at the British Institute. His best known worlj. "Belshazzar's Feast," appeared in 1821 : then followed the "Destruction of Hercu- laneum" (1822) ; "Seventh Plague" (1823) : the "Creation" (1824): "Fall of Nineveh" (1828); "Eve of the Deluge"- (1840); and many other biblical subjects, besides a number of water-color views of the valley of the Thames and other rivers. He died in the Isle of Man, February 17. 1854. Martin was much criticised for his deficiencies in drawing and color, but he had a