Keckar, 43 miles smitliwe.-t ot Frankfort (Map: vicriiiany, C 4) . It is the third lar^jcst city on the Rliine. surpassed only by t'olof,Tie anil Diisseldorf; since its connection by railroad with all important cities in the tiernian Empire it has become the first commercial town in the Grand Pucliy of Baden. The site of the town is low, and a high dike protects it from inundations. The Rhine, which is here 1200 feet in breadth, is crossed by a railway bridge which connects ilannheim with Ludwigshafen; a chain bridge spans the Xeckar. The town is remarkable for its cleanliness, and is the most regularly built town in (Jermany; it is divided into 13U square sections, and numbers its streets according to the American system. The palace, built 1720-29, by the Klector Palatine Charles Philip, is one of the largest buildings of the kind in Germany. The city contains a gym- nasium with a library, a botanic garden, an ob- servatory, and the National Theatre, founded in 1770, in which Schiller's Robbers was first acted. Among notable public monuments are those of William I. and Prince Bismarck. The Schloss- gartcn. bordering on the Khiiie. is the chief of the five j)ublic gardi'ns surrounding the city. Since the construction of new harbors and ex- tensive docks in ]S7:i, Mannheim has had a great and increasing trade in grain, coal, petroleum, to- bacco, sugiir. and ironware. Its cliicf industry, the manufacture of chemicals, gives employment to 7000 persons; 3000 arc engaged in metal- working. Cigars, varnish and rosin, carpets, rub- ber, glass and leather goods are also manufac- ture<l. The growing importance of Mannheim is indicated by the increase in its population from 61.273 in 1885 to 140.384 in 1900. The United States is represented bj- a consul.
Mannheim is mentiimcd as a village as early as 704. Its prosperity dates from the beginning of the seventeenth century, when, under the Elector Palatine Frederick IV., it became the refuge of religious exiles from the Xetherlands. It sull'ered severely in the Thirty Years' War. The town was almost totally destroyed by the Fri-ndi in 1G89. After being rebuilt it was again occupied by the French in 1795, and a large part of it burned. In 1802 it was given to Baden.
MAN'NING. A town and the county-seat of
Clarendmi County. S. C. 01 miles east by south
of Columbia; on the Atlantic Coast Line Rail-
road (Map: South Carolina. D 3). It is in a fer-
tile and well-watered agricultiiral section, hav-
ing extensive forests of pine. There are knitting
mills and other industrial establishments. Popu-
lation, in 1890, 1009; in 1900, 1430.
MANNING, D.xxiEL (1831-87). An Ameri-
can journalist and politician. He was born in
Albany, N. Y., and at the age of ten entered the
printing ofTice of (he Albany Atlas as a printer's
apprentice. .After the cons(didation of the Alln^
with the Aifiiix, he was appointed legislative re-
porter, in which capacity he made a w idc acquaint-
ance among politicians and became known as an
authority on State political affairs. In 1805 he
became e<litor and part owner of the Arfiiis. and
in 1870 a memlM>r of the New York Demo-
cratic State Committee, of which he was chosen
secretary in 1870 and chairman in 1881. In this
position he was associated closely with Grover
Clevelanil. to whose election as (Jovernor of New
York he contributed greatly in 1882. To Man-
ning's astuteness and tact also was largely due
the successful presentation of Cleveland's name as
a can<lidatc for the Presidency in 1SS4. In the
latter year his personal supervision contributed
greatly to the success of the Democratic ticket
in the pivotal State of New Y"ork. From 1885
to 1887 he was Secretary of the Treasury in
Cleveland's Cabinet, from which he retired short-
ly lieliire his death, on account of ill health.
MANNING, llE.NKY Euw.KD (1807-92). An
English Roman Catholic prelate, one of the most
notable figures in the Church life of his time. He
was born July 15, 1807 (not 1808, as frequently
given), at Totteridge, in Hertfordshire, and edu-
cated at Harrow and at Balliol College, Oxford,
where he graduated in 1830. He was ordained
in 1832, married in 1833, and in 1834 appointed
rector of Lavington and GratVham in Sussex. His
wife died in 1837. Manning devoted himself
with increasing zeal, cnergj', and success to the
work of his profession, and was recognized,
though still a young man, as ,a leading figure
in the group of Tractarian leaders. His appoint-
ment in 1840 as Arcluleacon of Chichester gave
him a still more influential jwsition. Newman's
secession affected him ]iainfully. and for a time
seemed to increase his attachment to the Church
of Enjiland; but in 18.31 the decision in the noted
Gorham case (see Gokuam Controveksy), which
seemed to claim for the Crown authority over a
purely doctrinal qtiestion, shook his allegiance.
After long and arduous consideration he made
his submission to the Roman Catholic Church
in 1851. Only two months later — an unusual
recognition of his gifts and his theological at-
tainments — lie was ordained priest by Cardinal
Wiseman. He made some further studies in
Rome, and from 18.52 to 1850 was informally
connected with the Jesuit Church in Farm Street,
London, finding much to do in preaching and
spiritual direction. In 1857 he developed an
English congregation of priests known as Oblatcs
of .Saint Charles, a revival of the community
founded at Milan by Saint Charles Borromeo,
and became its first superior. The same year saw
his appointment as provost of the Chapter of
Westminster, which brought him into close re-
lations with Cardinal Wiseman, then .rchbishop.
In the (lilTicult (circumstances connected with the
insubordinate attitude of Archbishop Errington,
Wiseman's coadjutor. Manning was a loyal sup-
porter of the Cardinal and of great service. On
the latter's death in 1805. Pius IX. took the un-
exi»cted step of apjiointing Planning his suc-
cessor as Archbishop of Westminster, and for the
next quarter of a century he occupied a com-
manding position in the religious life of England.
He not only did much to bring the Roman Cath-
olic body out of the obscurity in which centuries
of repression had left it. but he was indefatigable
in all kinds of good works — the care of the poor,
religions education, social ami temperance work.
In the Vatican Council of 1870 he took a promi-
nent part, standing among the pronounced ad-
vocates of defining Papal infallibility, and en-
gaging in a controversy, famous at the time,
with Mgr. Dupanloup. Bishop of Orleans. His
Petri Pririlriiiiim (1871) is an exposition of
the doctrine and an account of the proceedings.
On the same subject he also published (1875) an
answer to Gladstone's expostulations, giving his
views of the bearing of the Vatican decrees on
civil allegiance; and in 1877 he wrote The True
