Slory of the Vaticdii Council. Among Manning's other published works are: The Temporal Mis- sion of the Holy UhosI (1805); The Intrnial Mission of ths Holy Ohost (1875); England and Christendom (1807); >S'i;i and Its Consequences (187G). His manifold services were recognized by the gift of a cardinal's hat in 1875. He died in London, Januarj' 14, 1892. The full- est l)iogra]>hy of him is by Purcell (2 vols.. Lon- don, 18!tO), which is unfortunately disfigured by many misleading inferences and grave faults of taste; it may be corrected in particular as to the facts of the Errington case by Wilfrid Ward's Life and Times of Cardinal Wiseman (London, 1897). There is a shorter but in many ways more satisfactory biography by A. W. Hut- ton (ib., 1894). Consult also: Fitigerald, Fifty Tears of Catholic Life and Proyress (London, 1901 ); and a number of the biographical works cited uniler Oxford Movement.
MANNING, .Jaiies (1738-91). President of
the College of Rhode Island (after 1804 Brown
University). He was born in Elizabethtown,
N. J.; was graduated at Princeton College in
1762; was ordained to the Baptist ministry in
1763. Cooperating with an association of Bap-
tist ministers in Philadelphia, he went to Rhode
Island and proposed to the Baptists in Newport
a plan for the establishment of a "seminary of
polite literature, subject to the government
of the Baptists." A charter was obtained in
1764. Manning was appointed in 1765 presi-
dent of the institution, which was opened the
next year as Rhode Island College. He served
in that office (except during the Revolution,
when the school was closed) till 1790, when he
resigned. He was also most of the time pastor
of the First Baptist Church in Providence. In
1786 he was elected to the Congress of the
Confederation, where he labored to secure the
adoption of the national Constitution. Consult
(iuild. The Life, Times, and Correspondence of
James Manniny, and the Early History of Brown
University (Boston, 1864). See Brown University.
MANNING, RouERT (1784-1842). An Ameri-
can pomologist, one of the pioneers in horti-
cultural nomenclature. In order to determine
the value of varieties he established at Salem,
Mass., a fruit garden, in which he raised vari-
eties of all fruits that could withstand the
rigor of the climate of that State, and in which
at the time of his death nearly 2000 varieties
were growing. He published a descriptive cata-
logue, called Book of Fruits, in 1838. Manning
was one of the founders of the JIassachusetts
Horticultural Society, and during his later
years was recognized as an authority on horti-
cultural matters, especially on fruit varieties.
MANNING, TnoM..s (1772-1840). An Eng-
lish traveler, born November 8. 1772, at Broome,
Norfolk, where his father was rector. In 1790
he entered Caius College, Cambridge, where he
became distingxiished in mathematics: but he left
without a degree, owing to his unwillingness to
take the oaths. From 1800 to 1803 he studied
Chinese in Paris. In 1806 he went out to Canton as
doctor. In 1810 he proceeded to Calcutta, whence
he made his way into Tibet to Lhasa (1811).
He was the first Englishman to enter the holy
city. On returning to England in 1817. after a
visit to Peking, a shipwreck near the Sunda
Islands, and after a call on Napoleon at
Saint Helena, he lived for several years at a
cottage called Orange Grove, near Darlford, in
the midst of his Chinese books. There he w^aa
visited by the chief literary men of the day.
One of liis many eccentricities was a long, flow-
ing l)eard. This he plucked out by the roots
Iiefore leaving Orange Grove for Bath, where he
died. May 2, 1840. Charles Land) made the ac-
quaintance of JIanning in 1799, and a memorable
friendship ensued. Consult Lamb's Letters and
Essays of Elia ("The Old and the New School-
master," and "A Dissertation on Roast Pig");
also the Xarratives of the Mission of G. Boyle to
Tibet and of the -Journey of T. Manning to Lhasa,
ed. with memoirs by Markham (London, 1876).
MANNING, Thomas Courtlaxd (1831-87).
An American jurist, born at Edenton, N. C. He
was educated at the University of North Caro-
lina, and was admitted to the bar. In 1855 he
removed to Alexandria, La., and liuilt up a large
practice. He was a member of the Secession
Convention, entered the Confederate Army as
a lieutenant, and in 1863 became adjutant-gen-
eral with the rank of brigadier-general. He was
a member of the Supi'eme Court ( 1864-65) and in
1872 a Democratic Presidential Elector. In 1876
he was vice-president of the National Democratic
Convention. From 1877 until the adoption of the
new Constitution he was Chief Justice of the
State Supreme Court. He was again Presidential
Elector, and was elected to the United States
Senate, but was refused admission. From 1882
to 1886 he was again justice of the Supreme
Court, and during 1886-87 was United States
Minister to Mexico. He was also trustee of the
Peabod- Fund from 1880 until his death.
MANNITE (from manna). CoHs(OH),,. A
hexahydric alcohol found in the manna from
Praxinus ornus (Linne) , which grows in the basin
of the Mediterranean. It was discovered in that
manna by Proust in 1800 and may be readily ex-
tracted from it with hot water or boiling weak
alcohol. It is found also in many other vegetable
products, including onions, celery, asparagus, many
fungi, etc.: and it has been prepared artificially
from several varieties of sugar, such as hcyulose,
dextrose, and mannose, by reduction with sodium
amalgam. Vice versa, liy careful oxidation of
mannite with nitric acid a mixture of sugars may
be obtained, to which the name nmnnitose is
sometimes applied. Mannite is produced also
when cane-sugar vindergoes fermentation. It may
be obtained either in the form of rhombic prisms,
or in the form of silky needle-like crystals; it
melts at 165-166° C. and it is readily soluble
in hot water or alcohol, but only moderately sol
uble in cold water, and scarcely soluble at all in
cold alcohol and in ether. Its pure aqueous solu-
tion has a veiT slight action on polarized light:
the action is. however, greatly increased by the
presence of free alkali as well as of certain salts,
especially borax. Mannite is capable of existence
in three distinct modifications, having the same
chemical constitution and therefore much the
same properties, yet differing from one another in
their power of rotating the jilane of polarized
light. The chemical constitution of mannite is
represented by the formula CIL(OHl . CH(01I1 .
CH(OH) . CH(OH) . CIMOHT . CH(OH) . CH
(OH). The hexahydric alcohol sorbite found in
plums, apples, pears, cherries, and other fruits,
and the hexahydric alcohol dulcite found in
