Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 13.djvu/70

MARE CLAUSUM. leges within the territorial zone. But with the impetus given to commerce and navi^'ation by the discoverv of the Xew World and the exorbitant l)n>ten>ions of ^pain and l'ortuj.'al, whcrcbv the former not only chiimcd tlic I'acilic Ocean and the Gulf of .Mexico and the latter the Indian Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean south of .Morocco, but sought to prevent the entrance of other nations to these waters, the commercial powers of the seventeenth century revolted against these exac- tions. Tile predatory voyages of Drake and Cavendish and the steadily "growing trade of Hol- land were the pnulical answer to these claims, while the jurists uf the Xortlu in nations sought theoretical justification for their acts in the doctrine of the Koman law that the ocean was incapable of appropriation. England, however, persisted in her claim of sovereignly over surrounding waters. In 1009 Grolius published his treatise on .1/ore Liberum, contending that the sea was wholly free under the principles of the precedents of the civil law, though in a later work this doctrine was some- what modified to permit the exception of gulfs and marginal waters that could he reduced to actual ownership. This has formed the founda- tion for the modern rules of international law. In 1035 Selden sought to defenil England's position, though maintaining that a Stale could not re- fuse the navigation of the seas to other nations. The contest between England and Holland over the waterways which fornied the avenues for Dutch conunerce resulteil in the series of wars terminati'd by the Treaty of Westminster ( 1('>74), in which England's sovereignty was recognized from tape Finislerre to Stadland in Norway. Dur- ing the eighteenth century recognition of the British Hag within these waters was strenuously maintained, though the practical value of this claim gradually iliminished. It proved, however, an insurmountable ol>stacle to the closing of ne- gotiations with the I'nited States in 180:? on the question of search, through the uiwillingncss of the English (Jovernment to surrender this right within the British Seas. In ISO.i the Admiralty Regulations directed that foreign ships Iw re- quired to "strike their topsails an<l take in their flag' within these waters. The engrossing de- mands of the Napoleonic wars, however, nullified this order, and since their dose nothing has been heard of the English claim. The pretensions of Denmark during the eighteenth century shrank to a prohibition of fishing within (l!l miles of Greenland ami Iceland, but the dilliculty of en- forcing such a rule resulted in its final surrender. The only occasion upon which the doctrine of mure rliiiisiiiii was invoked during the nineteenth century was in S'M by the rniled States in the controversy with (Jreat Britain over the Bering Sea seal fisheries. See Bf.ri.nc Ska C'onthovkrsy. Thus, partly through insensible aban<hinment, hut more because of the principle that maritime ocoipalion must be cfTective in order to he valid, the old doctrine of mtirr rlaiistim has been cur- tailed to the assertion of territorial jurisdiction over deeply indenled gulfs or hays or other waters whose peculiar conditions render feasible a national control. In general, such waters form the only exception to the limit of one maritime leagtie from the shore as laiil down by Bynker- .shoek. though the principle has been nullified in practical efTect uy the increase in range of modern guns. Not only are territorial waters 50 MABENCO. open to the commercial vessels of a foreign State, but shii)s of war have right of 'innocent passage.' Consult the authorities referred to under Inter- >ATio.NAi, Law; High Sea; and Bebinq Sea CO.NTKOVERSY. MAREE, Loch. A beautiful lake in Ross a^id Ci arlyshire, northwestern Scotland. It is about miles long by 2 miles wide, and very deep. It is studded with islets, and surrounded liy mountains :iO(IO feet high. MAREI'A, ar MA'REO'TIS (Lat.. from Gk. MopeuJTis). A >alt lake in the north of Egv"pt, south of Alexandria, .separated from the Mediter- ranean by a narrow isthmus of sand. Its mod- ern name is liirket or Bchcret Maryitt. It is some 12 miles long, with width of about the same extent, but in antiquity it is said to have been somewhat larger. The surrounding district was anciently very fruitful and the ilareotic wine had a high reputation. During the Middle Ages the lake dried up because the canals flowing into it from the Nile were choked with sand. In ISOl the English, during the siege of Alexandria, cut through the isthmus west of .Mjiikir, allowed the sea to How in, and destroyed 1.50 villages, Mehemet Ali tried to reclaim the resulting salt marsh (0-10 feet deep), but with little success. The water of the lake is used for the manufacture of salt by evaporation. Consult: Lane-I'oole, Ilislori/ of Egypt in the Middle Ages (London, 1001); Baedeker, Aegypten (4th ed,, Leijizig, ISnTi. MARE ISLAND. An island in Solano Coun- ty. Cal., at the eastern end of the Bay of San Pablo and opposite the city of Vallejo (ALip: California, B 2), with which it has ferry con- nection. On it is situated the I'acilic station of the L'nited States Navy, its yard being one of the largest in the country. It has a naval arsenal, sectional lloating dock, an observatory, and, at the southern extremity of the island, a lighthouse of the first order, MAREMMA, ma-rem'niA (corruption of Ma- lillinni. ■■-ituateil on the sea"), A vast marshy region of Western Italy, extending along the coast of Tuscany, from the mouth of the Ceeina to Orbetello, and l."> to 20 miles inland (.Map: Italy, F 5), The Pontine marshes and the (^iinpagna of Rome are similar districts. In ancient times these districts were well cultivated and inliabited, hut the neglect of watercourses lias lirought about their present pestiferous condition. The area of land free here from the deadly malaria is, however, growing steadily larger. The railway line along the coast of Tuscany has greatly con- tributed to (he improvement of the district. MARENCO, ma-ren'k.'.. Caru). Count (1800- 40 1. An Italian-dramatist, born at Cassolnuovo, in Piedmont. He was the author of some fifteen tragedies, dealing with mediaeval subjects and revealing the influence of .lficri. as well as a tendency to adopt the methods of the historical drama of Romanticism. The most popular of his plays were Uiioiidclnioiilr, J'it, di' Tolantri, and Aniiihio da Hrrscin. The last-named piece treats the same subject as Niccolini's play, but is manifestly inferior to it. Consult: the edition of his Trng'rdir (Turin, l.S37-44>: the Trngrdie inSdilr, etc, ( Elorenee, ISoO); Ponte, L'Amahlo da finxcin del yiecoUni e di C. Marcnco (Son- drio, 1880).