Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 13.djvu/71

MARENCO. 51 MAREY. MARENCO, Ledi'oi.uo. Cminl (ISSl-ilOl. An llMlinii (icn-t and iliaiiialist, burn at C'eva, in ririlnioiit. He was the son of Carlo Marenco, anil wrote liis play [sabclla Orsiiii when only twenty years old. His plays include: Piccarda Uonaii (1809) ; Saljo (1880) ; Rosalinda (IBHi) ; l.o s/iiritisDW (181)9); II ghlacciuio di Moiitt; likuico (1870) ; Quel che noslro non c (1877) ; aiori/io Oandi (1882); and Bice (1884). His collected works were published in twenty volumes ( 1884 et seq. ) at Turin. MARENGO,, nia-reij'go. A locality near Ales- -aniiria. Italy, the scene of one of the most famous of Napoleon's battles, foufjht on .Tune 14. 1800, in which the French completely defeated the Austrians under General ilelas. In 1708 a second coalition had been formed, by England, Austria, and Russia, against France. Napoleon was absent in Egj^pt. and the coalition had been completely successful, though Russia soon de- serted the allies, the Czar. Paul I., believing him- self to have been betrayed by Austria. Mean- while on the ISth Brumaire (November 9), 1799, Napoleon, who had returned from Egv'pt, ob- tained complete control of the Ciovernment. and a vigorous war was resolved upon. Moreau I q.v. ) was sent to Germany, while Napoleon crossed the Great Saint Bernard Pass into Italy Avith about 40.000 men. Though he was too late to relieve Cienoa, where Massena (q.v.) had been besieged a long time, the Austrian advance- guard was defeated on June 9, 1800. at Monte- bello. and thereby Napoleon barred farther Aus- trian advance. On .Tune 14th !Melas crossed the Bormida, assailed the French, and at first was successful, but. luckily for Napoleon, at five in the afternoon Desai.x (q.v.) and Kellermann (q.v.) appeared with fresh troops, and swept all before them, though the former lost his life in the charge. The l)attle firmly established Na- poleon's supremacy in France. General Melas was compelled to sign the Convention of Ales- sandria, by which he surrendered Genoa, Pied- mont, and the ^Milanese, and promised to with- draw the Austrian garrisons from all cities to the west of the !Mincio, Military critics have generally maintained that the ilarengo campaign was one of the most brilliant conceptions in the history of warfare. See Napoleon I. MARENGO. A city and the county-seat of Iowa County. Iowa, 31 miles west by north of Iowa City; on the Iowa River, and on the Chi- cago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad (Jlap: Iowa, E 3). It is surrounded by an agricviltural and stock-raising district, and has some manu- factures. Jlai'engo was settled in 1846. Popula- tion, in 1890, 1710; in 1900. 2007. MARENHOLTZ-BtTLOW, mii'rcn-hr.lts bn'- Irt. I'lEirniA (i (lS10-9:i). A German educator, born in Brunswick. Attracted by the ideas of Friedrich Friibel (q.v.), whom she met in 1850, .she became his disciple and devoted her life to founding kindergartens in Germany and many otlicr European countries. Among her writings are: Britriific ziiin Versti'iiidni.t Friedrich Frii- hrlx (1870). and a number of pamphlets on the kindergarten, several of which have been trans- lated into English. Consult Goldschmidt. "Ber- tlia von Marenholtz-Biilow," No. 239, in the Sammhmq icisscnscliaftlicher Yortrige (Ham- burg, 1896). MARENZIO, ma r.-n'tsi-6, LUCA (c.l555- 99|. An Italian composer of madrigals, born at Coccaglio, between Bergamo and Brescia. He was a chorister in the Brescia Cathedral and re- ceived musical instruction from its organist, Gi- ovanni Contini. He began publication in Venice (1581), with a collection of madrigals for five voices, and he issued nine books of the same within ten years. About 1584 he was living in Rome, employed by Cardinal d'Este as maestro ili cappclla, and in 1587 he had a post at the Polish Court, but went back to Rome (1595), and received an appointment in the chapel of the Pope. He composed a quantity of Church music, but it is on account of the great advance he made upon his predecessors in the production of madrigals that he is chiefly remembered. Six books of them for six voices were published in Venice (15S2-1G09), and he wrote others for three, four, eight, and twelve voices. MARESCH, ma'resh. Johann Anton (1709- 9t). A Russian nuisician of Bohemian birth, and the inventor of Russian 'hunting horn' mu- sic. He was born at Cliotebor. Bohemia, and studied music in Dresden and Berlin. He made many mechanical improvements in the construc- tion of the Russian horn, an unbent brass tulie of conical shape. In 1755 he gave an exhibition before the Imperial Court, when a band of 37 men, furnished with horns varying from 7 feet to 1 foot in lengtli, produced concerted pieces, each being caretidly drilled to sound his own instru- ment at precisely the ju'oper instant. For the skill and dexterity displayed in this somewhat ludicrous performance, ilaresch was richly re- warded by the Empress Elizabeth. He died at Saint Petersburg. MARET, ma'ra', HuGiES Bernaed. A French general and statesman. See Bassano, Hugues Bernard JIaket, Duke of. MARETZEK, ma'rc-tsek, Max (1821-97). A Gcrnuin-Amcrican composer, director, and im- presario, born in Briinn, lloravia. He studied music there, and also at Vienna and Paris. In 1843 he composed the opera Hamlet, which secured him the place of music director at the Royal Opera in London. In 1847 he went to New York, and in 1848 was the nuisical director at the Astor Place Opera House, In 1849 he commenced his career as an impresario of Italian opera in New York, and continued it until 187S, subse- quently teaching. He published in 1855 Crotcliets and Quavers: or, Revelations of an Opera Mana- tlcr in Amcriea : composed the opera Sleep;/ Hol- loir (1879); and wrote chamber and orchestral nuisic. He died in Staten Island, N. Y. MAREY, ma'ni'.ETiENNE Jt'XEs (1830-1904). A French physiologist, born at Beaune (Cote- d'Or). He went to Paris when twenty years old and took the degree of doctor of medicine in 18(iO, and the same year opened a course in physiology at the Coll&ge de France. In 18G4 he established a physicjlogical laboratory, and in 1867 was appointed adjunct professor of physiology' in the College de France. He be- came a laur^at of the Institut, and of the Ecole de Medecine. He began to publish scien- tific tracts as early as 1857, and worked on the experimental physiology of the heart and circula- tion, on animal heat, on the electric phenomena which provoke or accompany movements in ani- mals, and on the action of poisons which espe-