Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 13.djvu/72

MAREY. 53 MARGARET OF ANJOU. cially concern the nerves uml muscles. His studies and works ou motion in animals, e»i)e- liallv on llie lliylit of birds and insects, have given him a wide reputation, since lie devised new methods of recording the motions of the wings. His works in this direction are: Uu vioufemeiit ddiis Ir.s fuitrtions de hi Lie ( l.Slill) ; Mtiiuiirc sur Ic vul dcs inscclcs ct dcs oiscuiij: ( 1872) ; Animal Mechanism : A Treatise on Terrestrial and Aerial Locomotion (Paris, 1874; Xew Vork, 1879); Hon m' lit (1S!I5). MARFO'RIO. The ])o])ular name of a colos- sal statue of a river god, holding a shell, now in the Capitoline iluseum in Home. The statue ])rolial>ly represents the Rhine and received its nanu' from its position in the Forum of Mars during the Middle Ages. It was at one time cus- tomary to alli.x to this statue replies to the gil)es and satirical notices posted on the Pasquino (q.v.). MARGADANT, mar-gi-d-int', SiMOX. The real name of the Genuan humanist Simon Lem- niu> ii|.v.). MAR'GARET (1353-1412). Queen of Den- mark. Xiirway. and Sweden. She was the second daughter of 'aldeniar I'.. King of Denmark, and the wife of Haakon VI., King of Norway, whom she married in 1303. On the death of her father without direct male heirs, the Danish no- bles, after an interregnum, offered the crown in I37(! to Margaret and her husband in trust for their infant son Olaf. By the death of Haakon in 13S0 .Margaret became sole guardian of (he young Prince, who died in 1387. Such was the skill with which she had conducted the (iovernmcnl iluring her sole regency that the estates of both kingdoms concurred in electing her as their joint .sovereign. With the concurrence of her subjects, she nomi- nated her grand-nephew, Kric of Pomorania. her successor: and although, owing to Eric's infancy at the time, and his subsequent inca])acity, the real ])ower rested in the hands of Margaret, she contented herself from that time with the title of ".Margaret, by the grace of (iod. daughter of Valdemar, King of Denmark." At the moment that Margaret was cementing the union of Norway and Denmark, the condition of affairs in Sweden opened the way for a firther extension of her power. The Swedish King. .ll)ert of Mecklen- burg, had so thoroughly alienated the afTcctiona of his subjects that the nobh^s. dcelaring the throne vacant, offered to acknowledge ilargaret as their ruler. The (Jueen iM no time in sending an army into Sweden to support her pretensions, and defeatecl the King's (lerman troo|)s at Tal- kilping in 1380, where Albert fell into her hands. The King remained in prison till 13!),5, during which tin)e Miirgaret continued the work of sub- jugating Sweden. In 1307 she effected the so- called Union of Kalmar, by which the crowns of the three Scandinavian kingdoms were henceforth to remain united. Kric, who wa^ in his sixteenth year, was investeil with the triple dignity. Mar- garet continued to exert great influence in the Government. She died toward the close of 1412, while she was attempting to bring about peace between Eric and the Duke of Holstein. Con- silt Otic. Si'iinilinnriiDi llislcrii (London. 1874). MARGARET, or MARGUERITE, miir- jfrrt (variously called of ANfiOiii.feME, OF Va- LOIB, OF .i.KNroN. and of Navarrf,) (1402- 1549). A daughter of Charles of Orleans. Duke of Angouleme, sister of King Francis I. of France. She was born in Angouleme, April 11, 1402. She married (1509) the Duke d'Alengon, and later (1527) Henri d'Albret, who became King of Xavarre. His small dominions she governed after his death (1544). Their daugh- ter, .Icanne d'Albret, was mother of Henry of Xavarre (Henry IV. of France). Margaret W'as active in politics, in religious reform, and in literature. She favored religious liberty rather than Protestantism, and was for a time an effect- ual defender and (latron of advocates of reform of such varied complexion as Rabelais, Desperiers, Marot. Dolet, and many lesser men of letters and learning. Her little courts at Nerac and at Pan. for a time the most brilliant intel- lectually in Europe, roused seemingly ground- less slander. Her literary remains comprise: Letters (1842-43) ; a collection of poems, largely dramatic and religious, poetically called Mar- ijncrites de la Marguerite (which was first ])rinted at Paris, 1873): and other ])oems dis- covered in the National Library in 1805 and pub- lished as />i(Hir)("s ;)orsK's (Paris. 1890). Until recently Margaret of Navarre was supposed to be the author of the famous collection of tales called the Hei>lameron (q.v.), but this is now generally regarded as the work of various hands. Though apparently of no great personal beauty, she combined in singular measure sweetness of dis- position with intellectual strength, and prob- ably contributed more to the renaissance of learn- ing in France than did Francis himself. Consult: Brantome, Les dames illustres, vol. vi. (Paris, 1008) : Bayle. Dirlionnaire historit/iie ( ib., 1820- 24): Leroux de Lincy, Essai sur la vie ct les ouvrages dc Marguerite d'Angoulcme (ib., 1853) ; La Ferri&re, Le Hire de depenses de la reine de Xaiarre (ib., 1802); Comtesse d'llaussonville, Marguerite de Valois (ib., 1870) : Lotheissen, Kijiiigin Margarcte von Navarra (Berlin, 1885) ; and Freer. The Life of Marguerite d'Angoulcme (London. 1895). MARGARET, Saint (c.1045-93). A queen of Sent land. Slie was the daughter of Edward the Exile, a son of Ednmnd Ironside, and was born, according to tradition, in Hungary. In 10t)7 she came to Scotland with her brother Edgar Athe- ling ((|.v. ), anil soon after became the wife of King ^lalcolm III. She appears in thi^ chronicles as a woman of almost angelic character and saintly virtues, and numerous instances are re- corch'd of her works of piety and unceasing de- votion to the cause of the Church. She exercised a refining inlluence on the rough manners of the Scottish Court by the example of her stainless life, anil advanced the welfare of her people by her w ide beneficence to the crippled, the orphaned, and the |)iior. She died November 10. 1003. after receiving news of the death of her husband and her eldest son in a border raid. She was canon- ized by Pope Innocent IV. in 1250. MARGARET OF ANJOU. iiN-zhr^r' (1430- 82). Qiieen Consort of Henry VI. of England. She was born on ^larch 23. 1430. and was (he daughter of RiMii'" the (Jood of . jiiu. titular King of Naples. When in 1430 the peace party in Eng- land, headed by Cardinal Beaufort, came into jiiiwcr, (hey sought to end the Hundred Years' War, and as a step in this direction looked around for a suitable French princess as a wife for the young Henry VI. Their choice fell upon