Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 17.djvu/100

BEVILLOTJT. 84 wns pdueated for the Church, but preferred Ori- ental .-.tudics, entered the department of Egyptian anli(|iiities at the Louvre as an assistant in ISIi'.l, aided in founding the Ecolc dji Louvre in 18S0, and in 1881 hecanie professor and curator of the Egyptian collection of that museum. Ite- villout's great ork was the publication of the Clinslumtilhie dcmotique (1878-80), supplement- ing Brugsclvs discoveries in the demotic language, liesides, he specialized on Egyptian law, founded, with Brugsch and Chabas, the Bevue Egyptolo- qiquc in 1880, and published: Papyrus copies "( 1876), Le romaii de Hetna ( 1880) , Corpus Papy- rorum .^gypti (1885-92), Cours de droit egyp- lien (1885), Cours de laiigue dcmotique (1885), Lett res sur Ics iuo)inaies egyptiennes (1805), .Ui=- langes sur la mitrologie, Viconomie politique et Vhistoire de Vancienne Egypte (1897), and Precis du droit cgyptien (1899-1903). KEVISED STATUTES. The acts of the legislatures of the various States and of Con- gress are usually printed and bound into vol- umes after each session of those bodies. This is done by an authorized printer under the su- pervision "of a State official, usually the Secre- tary of State, who compares the acts as thus printed with the original copies thereof, and certifies as to their accuracy. Such publica- tions are known as the statutes at large, and include all acts whether general or local in character. After a large number of these vol- umes have been issued, covering a considerable number of sessions, it naturally follows that many of the acts found in the earlier volumes are "repealed or amended by acts reported in the later ones; and that some statutes have become practically obsolete by reason of changed con- ditions. Under these circumstances, it is ne- cessary to examine all the 'year books,' as such volumes are usually called, in order to de- termine the statute law on any given subject. In order to render the statute law more ac- cessible, settle positively any questions as to the intention of the legislature in passing acts repealing former ones, and to cure any defects in form or substance which have become appa- rent in existing statutes, most of the States have at some time authorized tliorough revi- sions of their statute law. The work is usually done by a committee of the State legislature, who arrange the existing statutes under general heads, and draft such amendments and altera- tions as are deemed advisable. Strictly local or special statutes are sometimes omitted in the revision. The general laws, as thus collected, arranged and amended, are reenacted and then constitute tlie ollicial revised statutes, supersed- ing all original acts. There have been several revisions of the statutes of the United States. For acts supplementary to or amendatory of the revised statutes, the Statutes at Large, published after each session, should be consvilted. BEVIVAL OF LEARNING. See Renais- SANX'E; H^;MA^"I^sM. REVIVALS (from revive, from Lat. revivere, to live again, from re-, back again, anew -|- invcre, to live), Religiou.s. A term widely used among Protestants since early in the eighteenth century, to denote periods of marked religious interest, when church-members are quickened to a new sense of responsibility and privilege, and others are for the first time brought openly to REVIVALS. confess their faith. By an extension of its mean- ing, the term is sometimes applied to various im- portant religious movements of the past, like that of the Day of Pentecost (Acts ii.), of the Wiclif- ites in England, the Hussites in Bohemia, and the Reformers of the sixteenth century. In a similar way it might be used of the religious zeal which led to the First Crusade, the work of the great monastic Orders in some periods of their history, the Oxford Jlovement, and so on. But it is more accurate and better to limit the applica- tion of the term "revival' to the history of mod- ern Protestantism, especially in Great Britain and America, where such movements have flour- ished with especial vigor. Yet in so doing, one should not forget that there were similar re- vivals of religion in Scotland as early as the end of the sixteenth century (under Wishart, Cooper, and Welsh), and again, both there and in the north of Ireland, about a generation later, when Bruce and Livingston were ^jromiueut as leaders ( the Ste warton Movement ) . Seasons of religious quickening occurred in the colony of Massachusetts Bay between 1704 and 1718, but in importance and influence they were far overshadowed by the work of Jonathan Ed- wards (q.v. ) at Northampton in 1734. His preaching so deepi}' afiected his hearers that about three hundred persons were converted. The movement spread through a large part of New England in the next two years, and formed a suitable introduction to 'The Great Awakening,' a revival hich extended through almost all the colonies and intlueueed either directly or indirect- ly almost all the churches. This movement began about the same time as that of John Wesley in England. Its most active agent was George Whitefield (q.v.), a preacher of singular power and inexhaustible energy, who came from Eng- land to America in 1739, and traveled through the country, preaching in the open air to audi- ences of thousands, and winning a large number of converts. The Great Awalcening proper occu- pied the years 1740-42. Several evangelists were enlisted in its service, notably the zealous but censorious Gilbert Tennent (q.v.) , a Presbyterian, who had begun revivalist work in New Jersey be- fore Whitcfield's arrival. Among the most ob- vious results of the Awakening were the addition, between 1740 and 1760. of 1.50 churches to the number already established in New England and the doubling of the number of Presbyterian min- isters in the middle colonies. Princeton College grew out of the movement, and the plan for a school for the education of the Indians was con- ceived about the same time, from which later came Dartmouth College (q.v.). The Wesleyan movement did for England what the Great Awak- ening did for America, but with a new and per- manent ecclesiastical organization as its product. Toward the end of the eighteenth century a fresh series of revivals began, lasting intermit- tently from 1797 to -1859. The beginning of this long period was called, in New England, the 'evangelical re-awakening.' The work was car- ried on at first by parish ministers, not by travel- ing evangelists, and the churches soon came to depend upon revivals for their growth and even for their life. As time went on, the work was taken up by itinerant preachers also. Among the prominent leaders were Nathan Strong, Ed- ward Dorr Griffin, .Jeremiah Hallock, Timothy