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EICHARDS. 129 RICHARDSON. He came to the United States in 1831 with his parents, who first settled in Georgia. They re- moved to New York City in 1S45, wherc Kiehards afterwards lived, and where he studied at the National Academy of Desij;n. In 1858 lie was made director of the Cooper Union School of Design for Women, and in 1867 became professor of art in the University of New York. He was elected to the National Academy of Art in 1851. He was also known as an illustrator, and wrote several works on art, and some illustrated hand- books of travel. RICHARDS, WiLLiAir (1792-1847). An American missionary. He was born at Plainfield, ilass., graduated at Williams College in 1819, and passed to the Theological Seminary at And- over. In 1822 lie was sent as a missionary to the Sandwich Islands, and by the close of 1830 the native church numbered nearly 300 com- municants. In 1838 Mr. Richards added to his regular religious duties the offices of interpreter, translator, and chaplain to the King. He visited England and several other foreign courts as spe- cial ambassador, and after his return in 1845 became Minister of Public Instruction, liaving care of all schools. Catholic and Protestant, and occupying a seat in the King's Privy Council. Consult Sprague, Annala of the American Pulpit (New "ork, 1860). RICHARDS, William Trcst ( 1833— ) . An American landscape and marine painter, born in Philadelphia. He was a pupil of Weber, in his na- tive city, and afterwards traveled and studied in Europe. He exhibited at the Royal Academy and the Salon, and became an honorary member of the Academy of Design. His marine pictures are especially popular, and he is a skillful, if somewhat monotonous, painter of water. His works include : "On the Coast of New Jersey" (1883), in the Corcoran Gallery, Washington; and "The Bell Buoy," in the Pennsylvania Acad- emy of Fine Arts. There are also several of his landscapes and marines in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, in New Y'ork City. RICH'ARDSON, Sir Benjamin Ward ( 1828- 96). An Englisli pliysician and author. He was born at Somerby, in Leicestershire, and Avas early apprenticed to the surgeon of his native town. In 1850 he became a licentiate of the Faculty of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow, and later received the degrees of A.M. and M.D. at Saint Andrews. He devoted his attention particularly to sanitary matters and to methods of alleviating pain, for the latter object introducing at least 14 anaesthetics, including methylene bichloride and the use of ether spray. For his services in this direction he was knighted in 1893. Among his numerous works, which are by no means confined to medical subjects, are The Health of yatloiis (1887) and y<it!<,iiiil Health (1890). RICHARDSON, Ch.eles (1775-1865). An English lexicographer. He studied law, but he early gave up that profession. For many years he kept a school at Clapham, near London. This he gave up in 1827 to devote himself wholly to the study of language. In 1853 he was granted a civil list pension of £75 a year. As a phi- lologist he was a follower of Home Tooke (q.v.). In 1818 he contributed to the Enci/clo- picdia MetropolHana the first parts of an Englisli lexicon, afterwards enlarged to the Xeir Enijlish Dictionary (pub. in 30 parts, 1835-37; supple- ment added in 1856), long the standard English dictionary for England. It also had u wide sale in the United States. Tliongli about us faulty ns a dictionary could be, it has furnished better- equipped lexicographers with numy ijUututionA. An abridged edition appeared in' 183!). Rich- ardson also published: llliislmtidns to Knylish I'hiloloijy (1815); Oil the Sliidii of Lamjuagr (1854) ; and other books on language. He con- tributed to the Gentleman's Maijn:ine and Xole» and (Queries. Richardson was sharply criticised by Noah Webster in Mistakes and Corrections (1837). RICHARDSON, Charles Francis (1851—). An American literary critic and historian. He graduated at Dartmouth College in 1871, was on the editorial staff of the Indriicndent (1872-78 1 and the tiund<iy-SeJiool Times (1878-80), editor of Good Literature (1880-82), and afterwards professor of English in Dartmouth College. His books include: A Primer of American Literature (1876) ; The Cross, a volume of poems (1879) ; The Choice of Boohs (1881) ; and an elaborate account of American, Literature (1887-88). In 1902 he edited the Arnheim edition of Poe's works. RICHARDSON, Clifford (1856—). An American chemist, born at Worcester, Mas.s. He graduated at Harvard in 1877. As assistant chem- ist to the L'nited States Department of Agricul- ture ( 1878-87) and as inspector of asphalts and ce- ments in the engineering department at Wash- ington, he WTote Government reports on cereals (1883-80), on spices and condiments (1887), and on asphaltum ( 1894) . He became a member of the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists, and contributed to the Proceedings of that body. In 1896 he was appointed superintendent of tests to the Barber Asphalt Paving Company, of Long Island City. N. Y". RICHARDSON, Ernest Cushing (I860—). An American librarian and author, born at Wo- burn, JIass. He graduated at Andierst in 1880, pursued special courses at Washington ami .lef- ferson College, and studied theologv' at the Hart- ford Theological Seminary, where he taught and was librarian from 1883 imtil 1890, when he was appointed librarian at Princeton. He was chosen vice-president of the American Library Associa- tion, contributed to Barner's Jahresbcriehle der (leschichtswissenschaft, edited Hieronymus und Grnnadius de Viris InUistrihus ( 1890), and wrote In/luenee of the Golden Legend on the Culture- History of the Middle Age's (1887); FausI and the Clementine Recognitions (1894); and other works upon historical and literary subjects, be- sides numerous articles of interest to specialists in library work. His lectures before the New York State Library School Association were pub- lished in 1901 under the title, Classificalion, The- orelical and Practical. RICHARDSON, Henry Horson (1838-86). An American architect, born at Priestley's Point. Saint .lames's Parish, La. He graduated at Har- vard in 1859. traveled in Europe, studied archi- tecture at the Beaux-.rts. during a portion of his course was employed in the othees of a Gov- ernment architect, and having returned to the TTiiited States in 1865, began the active practice of his profession in 1866 as a member ot the firm of Gamhrill & Richardson of New York Citv. In 1875 he removed to Brookline, JIass.