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RICHARDSON. 130 RICHARDSON. He was a iiiciiibLT of the Ameriran Institute of Architects, of the Aiiierican Acailcmy of Arts and Sciences, of the .Xrchieolopical Institute of America, and an lionorary and corresponding member of the Koyal Institute of British Archi- tects. Among the more important structures designed by him are Trinity Churcli, Boston, es- pecially notable for its large central tower; the Brattle Street Church of Boston, remarkable also for a tine tower ornamented with a frieze of colossal sculptures; the City Hall, Albany, N. Y. ; the New Law School for Harvard University; the Allegheny County buildings, at Pittsburg, Pa.; the Chamber of Commerce, Cincinnati, Ohio; and numerous public library buildings and rail- way stations. He established the successful use in American architecture of the Romanesque styles of Southern France, Aiivergne in particu- lar. It has been said that no modern architect more full.y understood the value of sculpture in its application to buildings, and in the repose of his manner lie is noteworthy among recent de- signers. His distinguishing qualities are breadth, unity, and simplicity: his principal detects an occasional carelessness of technique, and a ten- dency toward a grotesque manifestation of large- ness and strength. His influence on his profes- sion in the United States was very great, and his work may be considered to represent the nearest approach to a definite American style. In his Brookline workrooms he trained many students. Consult the biography by Van Rensselaer (Bos- ton, 1888). RICHARDSON, .James (1800-51). An Eng- lish traveler and philanthropist, born in Lincoln- shire. He early became interested in the sup- pression of the African slave trade, and, under the patronage of the English Anti-Slavery Society, edited a newspaper at Malta. He soon deter- mined, however, to visit the interior of Africa in order to learn the causes of the slave trade, and, if possible, its remedy. He accordingly en- tered Morocco, but was unable to penetrate the interior. In 1845 he succeeded in reaching Ghadames and Ghat. On his return to England in 1847 he was aided by the Government in fit- ting out an expedition, and in March, 1850, ac- companied by two Germans, Barth and Overweg, he left Tripoli, with the intention of exploring Lake Tchad. At Damerghou the three explorers separated, hoping to meet again on the shores of the lake. But while still two weeks' journey from the rendezvous, Richardson was prostrated by fever and died at Ungouratona on March 4, 1851. His papers, including his journal down to February 21st, were published tinder the title. Mission to Ventral Africa, lSoO-51, Under the Order of Her Majesty's Oovernment (1853). Richardson also wrote Travels in Morocco (1860) and Travels in the Desert of Sahara, m5-J,6 (1848). RICHARDSON, Joh>t (1787-1865). A Brit- ish Arctic explorer and naturalist, born at Dum- fries, Scotland. He was educated in the academy of his native town and studied medicine at the University of Edinburgh, where lie obtained a surgeon's diploma in 1807. The same year he entered the Royal Xa'y as assistant surgeon, and ■was present at the battle of Copenhagen. Subse- quently he served on the coast of Africa, on the Baltic and North Sea stations; afterwards in Canada, and in 1815 in Georgia, having charge of the hospital-ship for the sick and wounded of the brigade. In 1816 he received his M.D. degiee from Edinburgh University and in 1811) was ap- pointed surgeon and naturalist to the overland Polar expedition under Franklin. In 1825-27 he accompanied Franklin in his overland expedition to the mouth of the ilaekenzie, and by orders of the Admiralty was detached to survey the coast between that river and the Coppermine. In 1846 Richardson was knighted. Two years later he was appointed to command the search for his former traveling companion. Sir John Franklin, of whom nothing had been heard for upward of two years. On ilarch 25, 1848, Richardson, ac- companied by Dr. Rae, left Liverpool and trav- eled via New York, Montreal, and the Canadian lakes to look for the missing expedition between the Mackenzie and Coppermine rivers. Reaching the headwaters of the Mackenzie, they descended the river to its mouth and then turned eastward by Capes Bathurst and Parry. With immense labor through dangerous drift-ice the party reached Cape Hearne, where they were obliged to abandon the boats, and after twelve days' fatiguing march, through half-frozen swamps and over hills covered with snow, they succeeded in gaining Fort Confidence, at the north point of Great Bear Lake, Here Richardson spent the winter in scientific observations, and, leaving Dr. Rae in command, returned to England in 1849. re- suming his duties at Haslar. In 1855 Richardson resigned his office and devoted himself to literary work at Grasmere, where he died June 5, 1865, Richardson contributed largely to the account of Franklin's first expedition (London, 1823) ; and to that of the second expedition (ib,, 1828), His most important works are: Fauna Boreali-Americana (1829-37) ; An Arctic Search- ing Expedition: A Journal of a Boat Voyage Through Rupert's Land and the Arctic Sea (1851); The Polar Regions (1861). RICHARDSON, Samuel (1689-1761). An English novelist, born in Derbyshire. His father was a joiner, who desired to educate his son for the Church ; but this he could not afford, so at the age of si.xteen, with such an education as a country school could furnish, the young man went to London, w-here he became apprentice to one John Wilde, a printer. In the discharge of his duties he was exact and cai'eful, and on the expiration of his apprenticeship he became fore- man. In 1719 he started as a printer on his own account, first in Fleet Street, and soon after- wards in Salisbury Court; and, on finding his success assured, he married Martha, daughter of Allington Wilde — not Richardson's former mas- ter. In 1754 he became master of the Sta- tioners' Company and in 1760 he purchased the half interest of the patent of King's printer. He died July 4, 1761. Till he iiad turned fift,y, Richardson's re- lations with literature, except in the way of printing, were of the most slight and amateur kind ; but in 1740, a year after two book- sellers, Rivington and Osborne, had proposed to him that he should write a volume of fa- miliar letters as patterns for youths and maidens in the country, Richardson surprised the world with his Pamela, which had instant and great success. Hughes may have given Rich- ardson a hint for his Pamela in a story told in the Spectator (375). Its continuation, to which 4