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BICHARDSON. 181 RICHELIEU. the author was stung by the issue of a pretended sequel, entitled Panicia in Hiiih Life, was, how-- ever, pronounced much inferior. Pamela sug- gested to Fielding his Joseph An(lreics, origi- nally conceived as a parody of Richardson's somewhat prudish moralities. The satire was not appreciated by Richardson, and he n<'ver for- gave Fielding. In 1747-48 Richardson issued, in eight volumes. The History of Clarissa Earloiie — by common consent his masterpiece — a work which in its progress to completion aroused the most intense interest. His third and last great work. The History of Sir Charles Grandison, was published in 1753. As a whole, this is less in- teresting, and in his representation of the life of the fashionable classes, of which he had no clear jiersonal knowledge, the writer succeeds but in<iifi'erently. Richardson had some knowledge of architecture. He has also been said, but ground- lessly, to have studied at Christ's Hospital. Of the classic languages he had no more than a smattering. During his boyhood at least lie seems to have been bashful and to have cared lit- tle for games, but he liked well to read when he had the time. He was a worthy apprentice and a good master, cautious, moral, and kind. He helped poor authors and was praised by Dr. Johnson for having "tauglit the passions to move at the command of virtue." Richardson dwelt for a while in a country house at North End, Hammersmith. Here he composed most of his novels. Richardson's method of minute elaboration is somewhat wearisome. Moreover, the epistolary form which he chose, though it had certain ad- vantages, led to novels of immense length. But there are singular sources of attraction in the ilepth and simplicity of Richardson's sentiment, his profound knowledge of the heart, and his mastery of elemental emotion, and in virtue of the overwhelming effects of pathos in which the interest of his Clarissa culminates, a place must be assigned him among the potent masters of gen- uine tragic passion. His specialty lies in subtle analysis of the feminine heart, and in this par- ticular field he has hardly been surpassed. It seems to have been his instinct to cultivate a curious sort of passionless confidential intimacy with women; throughout life he was the centre of a circle of female friends and admirers, who came to him with their little delicate secrets, as to a kind of lay father confessor : and the fruits of his nice observation of them he has given us to the full in his novels. Richardson is thus the first outright psychologist in English prose fic- tion. He also created great character types, as Lovelace and Clarissa. His popularity was very great, both in England and on the Continent. He shaped the novel for a half century, and is still a force. Consult his works edited by Leslie Stephen (12 vols., London, 1883), and by Phelps with Life (New York, 1001): Coinpemlium, edited by Barbauld (6 vols., London, 1804) ; Thomson, <S'. Richardson: A Biographical and Critical Study (ib., 1900); Dobson, Richardson (New York, 1902) ; Texte, Jean-Jacques Rous- seau et le cosrnopolitisme littfraire au "XVlIh'me Steele (Paris, 1895), translated into English as Jean JacqueS' Rousseau and the Cosmopolitan Spirit in Literature (London, 1899). See Novel. RICHARDSON", William Adams (1821-96). An American jurist, born at Tyngsborough, Mass. He graduated at Harvard in 184.'?. and was admitted to the bar in 184(1. In l.S,",-. be was appointed to revise the Massachusetts Stat- utes, and subsequently edited the annual supple- ments to the State General Statutes. In ISliO he became Assistant Secretary of the United States Treasury, in 1871 visited" Europe as ngeiil for the sale of the United States funded hian, and in 1873 became Secretary of the 'I'reasury. In 1885 he was appointed Chief Justice of the Court of Claims, and at one time he was n pro- fessor in the Georgetown Law School. He pub- lished; The Banking Lairs of Massachuf^lla (1855); Practical Information Concerning the Debt of the United States (1872); Salional Banking Lairs ( 1872) ; and Historii of the Court of Claims (1882-85). RICHARDT, riK'art, Christian Eii-nst (1831-92). A Danish poet and dramatist, burn in Copenhagen, noted for deep and relineil feel- ing, and spiritual and patriotic fervor. He was a pastor. His comedy Declarations (1851) was followed by Short Poems (18G1) ; Pictures and Songs (1874); Fifty Poems (1878); King and Constable, a musical drama (1878); Spring and Autumn, poems (1884); and Mis- cellaneous Poems (1891). The Holy Land (3d ed. 1880) was the fruit of a trip to the Orient. His Hamlrde Digto (or Collected Poems) were published in three volumes in 1894. RICHELIEU, re'she-loo' or -lye'. A river of Canada (also called Chambly, Saint John, and Sorel). It is the outlet of Lake Cbamplain and flows into the Saint Lawrence River at Surel on Lake Saint Peter, and has a straight course of SO miles, ranging from 1000 feet to I'i miles in width, through a picturesque and historic coun- try (Map: Quebec, Co), It is navigable to Chambly, whence a canal to Saint John obviates the rapids lying between. RICHELIEU, resh'lye', Abma.nd Emmanuel DU Plessis, Duke de '(1700-1822). A French statesman, grandson of Marshal Richelieu (1U90- 1788), born in Paris and educated at the College of Plessis. He left France at the begin- ning of the Revolution, entered the Russian ser- vice, under Suvarotf, and became licutenantgen- eral, Alexander I. made him Governor of Odessa in 1803, but after a brilliant administnitinn there he returned to France in 1815 to form a new Min- istry under Louis XVIII. His influence with the allied powers enabled him to secure the with- drawal of their troops from France, and he was chief of Cabinet until 1818, when he resigned on account of his unsuccessful attempt to change the electoral law, according to his promise to the powers. He was recalled in 1820, retired within two years, and died shortly afterwards, the last of his liame. Consult D'Asfeld, Voyages et sourenirs du due de Richelieu (Paris, 1827). RICHELIEU, Abmand Jeax Di'plessis. Duke de. Cardinal (1585-1642). An eminent French statesman, born in Paris, Septend)er 5, 1585. He was educated for the army at the Collfge de Navarre, but turned to the study of theology in order that he might succeed his elder brother as Bishop of Lu<;on. This he was able to do on the latter's retirement in 1606, and on April 10, 1607, the youthful prelate was consecrated at Rome in the presence of Pope Paul V. He de- voted himself with earnestness to the work of hia