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BIDGWAY. 143 BIEDESEL. scientifically the iiinst important publication ever prepared for tlic region named, and one of the most valuable works on ornithology in existence. RIDING. See IIouskma.nsuii'. BIDING (from Icel. ]'ii>jungr, third part, from ]>iipi, third, from >nr, three; the loss of the initial th is due to the faulty division of North- thritlhig, South-thriding as Xorth-riding, South- riding), or Tkituinu. A term api)liod to the three parts into which Yorkshire, ICnfjland, is di- vided, termed res])ectively East, West, and North Hiding. Other counties besides York had and still have sulidivisions other than the common hundred. In Kent the hundreds are grouped to- gether in Lathes or tests; and in Sussex in Rapes. Lincolnshire, like Y'orkshire, was former- ly divided into Ridings. Consult Stubbs. Con- stitutional History of England, vol. i. (tith ed., O.xford, 1897). RIDINGER, re'dlng-er, .Johanx Elias ( 1698- 17(i7 ) . A famous German animal draughtsman, etcher, and painter. He was born at Ulm. was first instructed there by Clnistoph Resell, then studied under .Tohann Falk, and then under Rugendas in Augsburg. His hunting scenes were in great demand and in the representation of the stag no other artist could compete with him. A fine speci- men of a "Stag Pursued by Dogs" is in the Cassel Gallery; the Grosvenor Gallery. London, has "Three Stags": the Schwerin Gallery, "Bears in a Wilderness" (1710) ; but his oil paintings are very rare and he is best known through his draw- ings and etchings, a complete list and descrip- tion of which may be found in the artist's Life, by Thienemann (with three supplements, Leipzig, 1856-76). His engraving of the "Lion Hunt," after Rubens, is in the Dresden Museum. His sons Maktin Elias (1730-80) and Johann Jakob (1735-84) engraved after his designs. BID'LEY, Nicholas (e.1500-55). Bishop of London and one of the leading English reformers. He was educated at Pembroke Hall, Cambridge, at the Sorbonne, Paris, and at Louvain. He came under the notice of Archbishop Cranmer, and received various appointments from him. After 1536, the year of the death of his uncle Robert, who had paid the expenses of his education and who was an orthodox Roman Catholic, Ridley openly espoused the reformed faith. By the end of the reign of Henry VIII. he had renounced his belief in the doctrine of tran- substantiation, and he influenced Cranmer in the same direction. During the reign of Edward VI. Ridley became very prominent. He was named Bishop of Rochester in 1547. He took part in the depositions of Bisliops Bonner and Gardiner, and himself became in 1550 Bonner's successor as Bishop of London. He also took part in the first revision of the prayer-book in 1548, and assisted in drawing up the 41 articles, afterwards reduced to 39., On the death of Edward A'l. he warmly espoused the cause of Lady .lane Grey (q.v.), but when this proved a speedy failure he was compelled to submit to Queen Mary. Ridley was at once committed to the Tower, and though every opportimity was given him to recant, he refu.sed. In 1554 he was removed to Oxford for trial, found guilty in 1555 of the capital offense of heresy, and on October 16, 1555, he was burnt at the stake, together with Latimer, in front of Balliol College. Ridle.v's Works, which are chief- ly polemical, have been published together with a Life, by Christmas, for the Packer Society (London, "l841). BID'PATH, John Clakk (1840-1900). An American liislorian and educator, born in Put- nam County, Ind. He graduated at Asbury ( now DePauw) University in 1859, taught at Thorn- towu Aca<iemy, Ind., and at Baker University, Baldwin City, Kan., and was elected in 1809 pro- fessor of English literature, in 1871 of belles-let- tres and history, in Asbury University, of which he became vice-president ten years later. He re- signed in 1885. His writings, chieily populariza- tions of historical matter, are his Academic His- tory of the United States (1874-75); Popular History of the United States (1877); (Jrammar School History (1870); Inductive Grammar of the English Language (1878-79) ; Monograph on Alexander Hamilton (1880); Life and Work of Garfield (1881-82): Life of James G. Blaine (1884); History of Texas: (1884); Cyclopwdia of Universal History (1880-85); The Great Races of Mankind (1892); Christopher Colum- bus (1890) ; a poem. The Epic of Life (1894) ; and one or two other volumes. He also compiled a Library of Universal History, and helped to edit the People's Cyclopwdia. His last and prob- ably most widely circulated work, a History of the United States (in 8 vols.), was completed shortly before his death. KIEBECKITE, re'bek-it (named in honor of Emit [yiebeck, a German traveler of the nineteenth century) . One of the numerous varieties of amphi- bole. It is a .sodium-iron silicate crystallizing in the monoclinie system, has a vitreous lustre, and is black in color. It occurs among the older rocks, such as granite and syenite, especially on the island of Socotra, in the Indian Ocean. RIEDEL, rS'dd, Karl (1827-88). A German musician. He was born at Kronenberg, near Elberfeld, studied at Krefeld with Karl Wilhelm, and entered the conservatory at Leipzig, in which he became a teacher of piano and theory. In 1854 he established a society for the performance of ancient church music which became famous as the Riedel-Verein under his leadership and that of Kretschmar. Upon the death of Brendel, Riedel became president of the AUge- meiner deutscher Musikverein. His composi- tions, mostly chorales for male voices, are vigorous and original ; but his real claim to fame rests on his gift of organization, his thorough- ness, and especially his masterly editing of such old works as that of Pratorious, which he prac- tically discovered. BIEDESEL, re'dc-zel, Friedrich Adolph, Baron (1738-1800). A German soldier in Amer- ica, born at Lauterbaeh, Hesse. He studied at Marburg, served under Prince Ferdinand of Brunswick during the Seven Years' War, and in 1770 took command of 4000 Brunswick troops hired by Great Britain for service against the American colonies. He landed at Quebec in June, joined Burgoyne's expedition, fought bravely at the first battle of Saratoga (September 19, 1777). and surrendered with his commander (Oc- tober 17th). He remained a prisoner for over two years together with his wife. He was ex- changed in 1780, put in command of the British forces on Long Island, and returned to Germany in 1783. He was made a lieutenant-general in 1787, and commanded the Brunswickers in Hol- land. He died at Brunswick. His wife.