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EIEHL. 144 KIEMANN. National Assembly in 1848, eilitcd the .Yos- ,suHi4r/if allyvmciiie Zciluiig. In 1854 he went to i^lunic'h as professor of economies, and five years afterwards was transferred to a ehair of history of literature. He is better known as tlie autlmr of valuable sketches of the history of civilization, and of novels and tales based on these same his- torical studies, but of such literary excellence that in the short story he ranks onlj- below Heyse anionij modern German writers. Riehl's works include XaturgcschichU' ties Vollw.i (1851- G9; in many editions) ; Die Ffiiher (1857) ; A'»/- ttirstutlicn aus dni JahrhiiiuUrlen (1850: 5th ed.. 1890); Musikalisehc Charakterkbpfe (185.3- 77); Aus dcr Eekc (1875); 3d ed. 1890) : Lc- bensriitscl (1888) ; Religiose Sitidien eines Welt- kindes ( 1894 ) ; and posthumously a romance, Kin ganzer Mann (1897). KIEL, re-el', Louis (1844-85). Leader of the so-called 'Kiel's Rebellion' in Canada. He was born at Saint Boniface. Manitoba, and was of Indian and French-Canadian descent. He is said to have been educated for the priesthood in a Roman Catholic seminary at Quebec, but he did not take orders. He first came into promi- nence as the leader of the rebellion that broke out in 1869. In that year upon the purchase of the Northwest Territory from the Hudson's Bay Company by the Canadian Government the 'me- tis,' or half-breeds, of that section became alarmed lest they should lose some of their rights, and especially the title to their lands, and formed a 'council' to insist upon their claims. Of this 'council' Riel was secretary and John Bruce pres- ident; but Riel was the actual leader of the move- ment. On November 2d the malcontents refused to allow William jMcDougall, who had been ap- pointed Lieutenant-Governor, to enter the Terri- tory, and on the same day Riel took possession of Fort Garry. The 'council' then issued a procla- mation to the settlers calling upon them to send representatives to a convention, which on December 1 issued a 'Bill of Rights,' and later formed a provisional Government, of which Riel became President. A considerable number of persons who opposed the new Gov- ernment were seized and imprisoned, and by Riel's order one of these, named Thomas Scott, was executed. Attempts at a peaceful settlement of the difficulties having failed, the Dominion Government determined to put down the rebellion by force of arms. Accordingly, in the summer of 1870 Colonel Wolseley (afterwards Sir Garnet Wolseley, commander-in-chief of the British Army) was dispatched with a force of about 1400 men to the seat of trouble. Finding resist- ance hopeless, Riel and some of his associates fled to the United States, where he remained for some time. In 1873 and again in 1874, his friends elected him to the Dominion Parliament for the district of Provencher, and in the latter year, despite the fact that a reward of $5000 hail been offered for his capture, he attempted to take his seat, but was expelled, and in October a warrant of outlawry was issued against him. In 1877 he was confined for a time in a lunatic asylum in Quebec, but the next year he was again at large and is thought by some to have entered into a conspiracy with the Fenians for the conquest of the Northwest. Later he went to Montana, whence in 1884 he was invited by French half- breeds living near the forks of the" Saskatchewan to come and assist them in forcing the Govern- ment to settle their claims to certain land grants and to give them certain other rights. Ritd ac- cepted their invitation, and iu the following Marcli was made President of the provisional Gov- ernment, which was established at Saint Laurent. TroT)ps, however, were disjiatelied against the rebels, and the main strongliold at Batoche was taken by CJeneral ^Middleton. Riel him.self was soon afterwards captured, and in July was brought to trial at Regina for high treason. His lawyers pleaded in his defense that he was in- sane, and this plea was to a certain extent borne out by peculiar religious ideas that he had an- nounced : but he was nevertheless condemned to death, and on November 16, 1885. was hanged. Consult Begg, History of the Red River Troubles (Toronto, 1871), and the same author's Hisioni of the Sorthwest (ib., 1895). KIEMANN, re'man, Geoeg Friedrich Bern- hard (1826-66). One of the foremo.st Ger- man mathematicians of the nineteenth cen- tury, particularly in the field of geometry. He was born at Breselenz, near Dannen- berg, in Hanover. He studied mathematics at Gottingen and Berlin, and received his doctor's degree at the former university in 1851, his thesis being a well-known contribution to the theory of functions, (irundlagen fiir allgemcine Theorie der Funktionen einer veniinderliclien complexen Gnisse. Three years later he was made privat-docent at Gottingen. then (1857) adjunct professor, and finally (1859), on the death of Dirichlet, full professor. His introduc- tion of the notion of geometric order into the theory of Abeliau functions, and his invention of the surfaces which bear his name, led to great and rapid advance in the function theory. To him, also, is due (1854) a new system of non- Euclidean geometry, ranking with that of Lobat- chevsky and Bol}-ai (see Geometry), a system which he made known in his thesis, Ueber die Hypothesen, icelehe der Geoinetrie zu- Grunde lieycn (published posthumously, Leipzig. 1867). Riemanu's writings, besides those already men- tioned, are: Vorlesungen iiber Schivere, Elektri^i- tiit und Magnetisnuis (1876; 2d ed. 1880, both posthumous) ; Partielle Different ialqleiehungen (1869; 4th ed. 1900-01, both posthumous); Mechanik des Ohres ; Elliptische Fiinctian-en,, 'i'orlestiiigen niit Zusiitzen (1899); and his Ge- sammelte mathematische Werke nnd icissen- sehaftUeher 'S'aehlass. edited by H. Weber and Dedekind (1876; 2d ed. 1892; French trans., 1898). He also contributed several memoirs on surfaces, which were published in the Annalen and in Crelle's Journal. For the life of Riemann, consult his Gesammelte Werke: Schering, Bern- hard Riemann. zum Gedaehtniss. For an elemen- tary explanation of Riemann's surfaces, consult: Durfege, Theory of Functions (Eng. trans., Phila- delphia, 1896) ; Holzmuller. Einfiihnnig in die Theorie der isogonalen Veruandtschaften nnd der Conformal-Abbildungen (I^ipzig, 1882). RIEMANN, Hugo (1849—). A German writer on music, born at Grossmehlra, near Sondershausen. He was educated in theory by Frankenberger, studied the piano with Barthel and Ratzenberger, studied law, and finally phi- losophy and history at Berlin and Tubingen. After serving in the Franco-German war he en- tered the Leipzig Conservatory. Both as con- ductor and teacher at Bielefeld, he was most