Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 17.djvu/192

KIVER BRETHREN. 172 RIVERS. aiui have cluirolics al^o in Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Michigan, New York, and Canada. According to the statistics compiled for the Church Directory of 1902, they have in the United States 124 minis- ters and 28Uti communicants. The Evangelical Vinitor. semi-monthly (Harrishui-g, Pa.), is the periodical organ of this Church. The Brethren have missions in Buluwayo and the Transvaal, South Africa; tlie Baukuna district, Bengal, and the Poona district, India ; in all of which 15 mis- sionaries are engaged : and two missionaries at Hidalgo, Te.as. (2) The Old Order of Yorker Brethren was constituted of churches which, on a division taking place in 1802, adhered to the original doctrine and practice. Most of these churches were in York County, Pa., whence the name 'Old Yorker.' Other churches are in Ohio, Indiana, and Iowa. (3) The United Zion's Children originated in a di- vision which occurred in Dauphin County, Pa., in 185.3. Retaining the old confession of the Brethren unchanged, they differ from the other branches in certain matters of administrative and formal detail. Their churches are all in the State of Pennsylvania. Their name is sup- posed to have been given to the Ri'er Brethren because they baptized their first converts in the Susquehanna River. RIVER-CRAB. A crab of the genus Thel- phusa, inhabiting fresh water, and Jiaving the carapace quadrilateral, the antennae very short. Chie species (Thelphusa depressa) , the "grancio' of the Italians, is very common in the south of Europe, around the Mediterranean Sea, Other species are common in Palestine and other warm countries. BIV'ERHEAD. Tlie county-seat of Suffolk County, N. Y., 70 miles east of New Y'ork City, on Great Peconie Bay, and on the Long Island Railroad (Map: New Y'ork, Ho). It is in an agricultural region and manufactures woolens, paper, carriages, soap, and lumber products. Population, in IflOO, 4503. RIVER RAISIN", Massacre op. See French- town. RIVERS, Navigable and Non-Navigable. In law a distinction is made between the rights of the public in rivers which are deemed navigable and those which are deemed non-navigable. All navigable waters are subject to the public right of navigation and under certain circumstances to other valuable rights, but the public has no right in non-navigable rivers, they being general- ly subject to private ownership of the riparian owners. See Riparian Rights; Watercourses. At common law all rivers in which the tide rose and fell were deemed to be navigalile, and therefore subject to the public riglit of naviga- tion. Owing to the difference in physical char- acter of the rivers in the United States from those of Great Britain, the rule of the civil law has been applied in the United States, and all rivers are deemed to be navigable which are in fact navigable and which afford a channel for valuable commerce. To constitute a river navi- gable in the legal sense, the commerce carried upon it must be essentially valuable in character and the river must be a natural watercourse, not one con.structed by artificial means. Puhlic rivers are those which are deemed to belong ex- clusively to the piiblic. The rights of the public in rivers of this class are substantially the same as the rights of the public in the sea, namely, the right of navigation, fishing, bathing, and the right to take sand and seaweed, water and ice. Within this class are comprised generally all tidal rivers, and in many States all rivers having natural capacity for navigation or flotage. As semi-public rivers may be classed all non-tidal rivers which are in fact navigable, which are deemed to be subject to private ownership — which ownership, however, is subject to the pub- lic easement of navigation. The riparian owners are deemed to be owners of the bed of the stream ud filum aijuer; but their ownership is subject to the public right to navigate the river, and in some States to other similar public easements. Navigable rivers not tidal are deemed to be semi- public in Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Illi- nois, Kentucky, Massachusetts, Maryland, Mon- tana, New Hampshire, New .Jersey, New Y'ork, North Carolina, Ohio, Rhode Island, South Caro- lina, Vermont, and Wisconsin. While all public rivers are subject to the right of navigation, the right extends only to the use of the rivers for purposes of navigation up to the normal high-water mark. The right to navigate does not include a public easement to use the shores of the river for towage or wharfage, al- though such use may be incidental to navigation. Rivers w-ithin or flowing through a State are subject to the legislative control of that State. This right, however, is subject to the power of Congress to regulate commerce, and any legisla- tive act inconsistent with the acts of Congress for the purpose of regulating commerce is void. In case of rivers running between two States, both States have jurisdiction over them. In the United States, by the Constitution and acts of Congress, the admiralty jurisdiction of the United States District Courts extends over all navigable rivers which are used, or capable of being used, as high- ways of commerce and by themselves, or by con- necting bodies of water, form a continuous navi- gable waterway between States or from a State to a foreign country. Consult: Hunt, The Law of Boundaries and Fences (4th ed., London, 1896) ; Coulson and Forbes, The Law Relating to Waters (2d ed., London, 1892) ; Gould, The Lata of Waters (3d ed., Chicago, 1900). See Admir.^lty; Maritime Law; Watercourse; Bridkes, The Law Relating to. RIVERS. A title borne by three English- men prominent in the fifteenth century. Richard Woodville, the first Earl Rivers ( ? — 1442), was a favorite of Henry V. The King appointed him seneschal of Normandy ; after- wards he was chamberlain to the Regent Bed- ford and lieutenant of Calais. His son Richard ( ? — 1469) married .Jacquetta of Luxemburg, the widowed Duchess of Bedford, about 1436. He was a famous fighter, and was created Baron Rivers in 1448. His politics were Lancastrian until 1461, when he joined the York side and acquired great influence by the marriage of his daughter Elizabeth to King Edward IV. in 1464. He was made Constable of England in 1467. In his efforts to overthrow the Nevilles of Warwick, who represented the old nobility, he and one of his sons were captured and executed at North- ampton in 1469. His son Anthony, second Earl Rivers (c.1442-83), known as Baron Scales dur- ing his father's lifetime, shared all King Ed- ward's diversities of fortune, and remained his trusted friend after his return to power. At the I