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ROBBIA. 184 ROBERT II, liis early manner, and a small "xVnnunciation," unique in its rich coloring: and the Jletropolitan Museum, New York, has a beautiful large re- table of the "Assumption"' (c.1480), a character- istic specimen of Andrea's art. Of his seven sons, four worked with him and, after his death, continued to produce the Kobbia ware. Giovanni ( 146!)-c.1529), the eldest, chiefly assisted his father, and many pieces attributed to the latter are probably by Giovanni. An early examjjle of his indepenclent work is the magniticent "Lavabo" (font. 14117), in the sac- risty of Santa Maria Novella, Florence. He is proved an artist of superior merit by the large altarpiece of the "Adoration of the Holy Cliild" (1521), in the Bargello, but his most elaborate production is the polychrome frieze, representing the "Seven Works of Mercy" (1525-29), in the Ospedale del Ceppo. at Pistoia. — LucA ( 1475- c.1500), the Younger, is remembered by a beauti- ful tile pavement, made in 1518 imder Raphael's supervision in the upper story of the Loggie in the Vatican. — Girolamo (1488-1560) was an architect and sculptor, went to France in 1528 and was employed by the royal family, notably by Francis I., for whom he built and decorated externally with reliefs in Robbia ware the Chateau de Madrid, in the Bois de Boulogne. Bibliography. On the entire family and school, consult the monographs by Barbet de Jouy (Paris, 1855), Cavallucci and Molinier (ib.", 1884). Reymond (Florence, 1897), and Burlamacchi (London, 1900) ; also Bode, in Dohme, Kiinst und Kiinstlcr Italiens, i. (Leipzig, 1879) ; id.. Florcniiner Bihiliaucr der Reimis- saiicc (ib.. 1902) : Van Rensselaer, in The Ameri- can Architect, xvii. (Boston, 1885); "Luca della Robbia and His School," in The Church Quarterly Ferieir, xxi. (London, 1886) ; Steg- mann. "Die Bildhauerfamilie della Robbia," in Geymiiller-Stegmann, Die Arehitektur der Renais- sance in Toscana. (Florence, 1885-96) ; and Vasari. Lives, etc., trans, and ed. by Blashfield and Hopkins, vol. i. (New Y'ork, 1896). ROB'BINS, WiLi'ORD Lash (1857—). An American clergyman of the Protestant Episcopal Church, born in Boston. He graduated at Am- herst in 1881, studied at the Cambridge (Mass.) Divinity School (B.D. 1889), was ordained priest in 1884, and held a parochial charge at Lexington, Mass. In 1887 he became dean of All Saints Cathedral Church. Albany, N. Y., and in 1903 was elected dean of the General Theological Sem- inary, New Y'ork City. He was known for his pulpit utterances prior to the appearance of his Essay Toward Faith (1901) and A Christian Apologetic (1902), works much read in England as well as in the United States. ROB'ERT, Fr. pron. ro'bar' (c.1054-1134) . Duke of Normandy from 1087 to 1106, He was the eldest son of Duke William IL (later Wil- liam I. of England), and early in life showed great skill in arms, but also habitual care- lessness and indolence. His father refused to give him any share in the government, and Robert repeatedly rebelled against him. On the death of William, in 1087. he received Normandy as his inheritance. His rule was weak in the extreme and he involved himself in quarrels with his brothers William II. of England and Henry (later Henry I.). Finally in 1096 Robert assumed the cross, and pledged his duchy to William for five years for ten thousand marks. In the crusade Robert proved to be at his best and he became one of the heroes of the expedition. After the capture of Jerusalem (1099), the royal crown was offered to hiiu, but he refused, and returned to Normandy, arriving there in 1100. William II. was dead, and so Robert was released from his pledge, but he was soon engaged in war with Henry I. Finally Henry invaded Normandy, and at the battle of Tinchebray, September 29, 1106, Robert was defeated and captured. He was kept in confinement for the rest of his life, dying at Cardiff, February 10, 1134. Consult Freeman, Historij of the Xorinan Conquest (6 vols., Ox- ford, 1867-79). ROBERT I., THE Devil (?-1035). Duke of Normandy from 1028 to 1035. He was a son of Duke Richard II., and succeeded his brother Richard III. as Duke of Normandy. He com- bined cruelt.y and unscrupulousness with energy, audacity, and a handsome figure. He humiliated his vassals, and conquered districts from his neighbors. He espoused the cause of Count Bald- win IV. of Flanders against his son ; of Henry I. of France against his mother Constance; and of his nephews Alfred and Edward of England against Canute of Denmark. In 1033 he un<ler- took a pilgrimage to Jerusalem, as a penance for his sins. He died in 1035 while on his return, and was succeeded by his natural son William, later the conqueror of England. Many legends arose concerning him, like that embodied in the novel. La t'ie du terrible Robert le Diable, Icguel fut apris I'homme de Dieu, which appeared at Paris in 1496. Consult Richomme, Origincs de Falaise, etc. (Falaise, 1851). ROBERT II. (971-1031). A king of France, son of Hugh Capet, whom he succeeded on the throne in 996. He was educated by Gerbert of Rheims, was a scholar and a poet, and especially prominent as a composer and hymn-writer, and gained the surname "The Pious." His rule was weak and unfortunate, and the country suffered from the Papal interdict laid upon the King be- cause of his marriage with Bertha of Burgundy, his cousin. He put her awa_y in 1004 and married Constance of Aries, daughter of Guillaume Taillefer of Toulouse, a selfish and ambitious woman. Consult Pfister, Etudes sur le regne de Robert le Pieux (Paris, 1885). ROBERT I. King of Scotland, better known as Robert Bruce (q.v.). ROBERT II. (1316-90). King of Scotland from 1371 to 1390. His father was Walter, the Steward of Scotland, and his mother Marjory, daughter of Robert Bruce. During the reign of his uncle, David II., he was one of the most prominent of the patriotic nobles of Scotland, acting as Regent or joint Regent during three different per- iods, and he was present at the battle of Halidon Hill (1333) and Neville's Cross (1346). On the death of David he obtained the crown, and became the founder of the Stewart, or Stuart, dynasty, in virtue of the law of succession adopted by the council of estates held in 1318. Partly from dis- position and partly from the infirmities of age, Robert proved a peaceable, inactive ruler. The wars waged with England after 1377 were con- ducted by the powerful barons, particularly the Earls of Douglas, Mar. and Moray. These con- tests, which consisted to a large extent of border