Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 17.djvu/207

KOBERT II. 185 ROBERT-FLEURY. raids, caused great suffering on both sides. The chief incidents of Kohen's reign were the attack on Scothxnd by an Englisli military and naval force under the command of the Duke of Lancaster (see John of Gaunt) ; the invasion of King Kichard 11. himself in 1385, which wasted the land as far as Edinburgh and Fife; and the retaliatory expedition of the Scotch in 1388, when two armies invaded and devastated England. The smaller body on its return home won, though at the expense of the life of its gallant leader, James, Earl of Douglas, the brilliant victory of Ottcrburn. (See Chevy Cu.vsE.) In 1389 the estates practically deposed Robert by making his son guardian of the king- dom. Robert died at his castle of Dundonald, in Ayreshire, May 13, 1390. Consult: Tytler, History of Scotland, various editions; Stuart, Uislorii of the Stuarts (London, 1798), ROBERT III, (C.1340-140G). King of Scot- land from 1390 to 1400. He was the son of Robert 11. He was originally called John, Earl of Carrick, but changed his name on his accession to the throne in order to continue the name held by his father and grandfather. His inepti- tude as a ruler virtually placed the reins of government in the hands of his ambitious brother, Robert, Earl of Fife, whom, in 1398, he created Duke of Albany. The latter in 1402 probably brought about the death of the King's eldest son, the Duke of Rothesay, because he was in danger of being ousted from control. The principal events in Robert's reign were the invasion of Scotland in 1400 by Henry IV., of England, and the retaliatory expedition of the Scotch, which resulted in the complete defeat of the invaders at Honiildon Hill (q.v.). Robert died at Rothe- say, April 4, 1406, from grief, as is said, because his remaining son, later J.imes 1. (q.v.), was captured by the English while on his way to France. Sir Walter Scott, in the Fair Maid of Perth, has used some historical and traditional incidents of Robert's reign. Consult authorities cited under Roeert II. ROBERT, Christopher Rhinel.^nder (1802- 78). An American philanthropist, born at Brookhaven, Long Island, After five years as a shipping clerk in New York he removed to New Orleans, where he entered business for himself. In 1830 he returned to New York and founded the firm of Robert & Williams, of which he con- tinued the senior member until his retirement from active business in 1862. At the time of the Crimean War he visited Constantinople and be- came interested in the subject of higher education in the Turkish Empire. In 1860 he invited the Rev. Cyrus Hamlin (q.v.) to visit the United States for the purpose of raising funds to endow a college on the Bosporus and he himself sub- scribed .$10,000. The outbreak of the Civil War soon afterwards, however, made it impossible to arouse general interest in the project, so Mr, Robert undertook to carry it through alone. Until his death in 1878 he provided the running expenses of the college, and in his will left it one- ^fth of his estate, his benefactions aggregating more than .$400,000. ROBERT, ro'bert, Karl (1850—). A Ger- man archjeologist and classical philologist, pro- fessor in the University of Halle. He was born at Marburg. His most important pub- lications are: Eratosthenis Catasterismorum Reliquia; (1878); Uild und Liid (1881); Antikc Sarkophag-licliefs (1890); Sludicn :ur llias (1901). He was also co-editor of Ucrnua and reviser of I'reller's Uricchischc Mythulogic, 4th ed. V(.l. i. (1893). ROBERT, rfi'bar', Leopold (1794-1835). A Swiss-French genre painter, born at Les Espln- tures, near La t'hauxde-Fonds, Switzerland. He studied engraving with t;irardel, and painting under David and Gros. He went to Italy in IS18, and began what proved to be a popular series of pictures from brigand life. Afterwards he ])ainted Italian peasants, such as "The Neapoli- tan Improvisator" (1824), "Peasiinl Women of the Campagna" (1824), and "Festival of the Madonna dell' Arco" (1827), all in the Louvre. His works are large figure compositions, lacking spontaneity, hard in color, and with aea<lemie precision of line. Robert was the lirst to paint subjects from contemporary life when everything classic was the fashion. For this reason he has been claimed by the Romanticists, but lie re- mained at heart a Classicist. He conunitted sui- cide in Venice in 1835. Consult DelCtluze, otice sur la rie et les o-uvragcs dc Liopold Robert (Paris, 1838). ROBERT D'ARBRISSEL, diir'br.-'sel'. The founder of the Order of Foiitevrault (q.v.). ROBERT DE LTIZARCHES (?-1223). A French architect of tlie Gothic period. His name is derived from his birthplace in the He de France, of which school of architecture he was a lay member. In 1220 he was entrusted by Evrard de Fouilly, Bishop of Amiens, with the recon- struction of the cathedral, which had been de- stroyed by fire two years previously. He furnished the general plan and directed the work, beginning, contrary to custom, with the nave. At the time of his "death at Amiens, in 1223, the nave and south side of the transept bad been carried to the height of several meters. His plans were, in the main, followed by his successors, Thomas de Cormont and his son Renaud, and we may there- fore ascribe to him the general constructive fea- tures of the cathedral, which rcj)resent the higli- est and most perfect development of Gothic archi- tecture in France. The school of architecture which he founded at Amiens became one of the most influential in France, and its inlhience radi- ated throughout Europe. In Germany, for in- stance, the Cathedral of Cologne is modeled upon that of Amiens. ROBERT-FLETJRY, flP'r*'. .losEpn Nicholas (1792-1890). A French historical painter, born at Cologne. He was a pu])il of Girodct. Gros, and Horace Vernet at Paris, where he settled in 182(5, after studying also for some time at Rome. In or- der to nuike his paintings historically accurate, he made deep studies of the period to be represented, even adopting the technical qualities of the paint- ing of the epoch represented. His most important works include "Charles V. in the Monastery of Saint Y'uste" (1857), "Jlassacres of Saint Bar- tholomew" (1833), the "Religious Conference at Poissy" (1840), "Jane Shore" (1850). and the "Pill.ice of a Jew's House, Venice" (1855), the last tirree in the Luxembourg Museum, His son, Tony Robert-Fleurt (1838—), an historical, genre, and portrait painter, was a pupil of Paul Delaroche and Lfon Cogniet, In 1870 he won the grand medal of honor for the "Last Day of Cor-