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ROBINSON. 195 ROBINSON. ly the State of Now York. His country house was the scene of Arnold's preliminary arrange- ments for the surrender of West I'oint, Robinson himself being implicated in the plot. After the war he retired, first to New Brunswick and later to Thornbury, Eng., where he lived until his death. ROBINSON. Charles (lSlS-94). The first (iovcrnor of the State of Kansas. He was born in Hardwick, Mass., stiidied for a time in Am- licrst College, and in 1843 graduated at the Berkshire Jledieal School. Si. years later he accompanied an emigrant train across the plains to California. He settled in Sacramento, and re- mained there for two years working as a miner, as a restaurant keeper, and as editor of the Senior's uiid Miner's Tribune. In ISoO he was elected to the Legislature, in which he proved an able champion of the settlers, and also did much to prevent California from becoming a slave State. Returning to ^Massachusetts, he edited the Fitchburg Xews for two years, and in 18.54 was chosen by the Emigrant's Aid Society to go to Kansas and help save that Territory for freedom. He quickly became the lca<ler of the Free-State Party, and was made chairman of the Executive Committee and com- mander of the Kansas Volunteers. It was his policy to avoid any resistance to the United States Government, but to ignore the laws passed by the bogus pro-slavery Legislature of 1855. He took an active part in the 'Wakarusa War,' and in 1855 was a member of the To- ]icka Convention which drew up a free-State constitution. In the following year he was elected Governor under this Constitution, but was arrested on a charge of treason and usurpation of office. He was indicted by the Federal Grand Jury, but after an imprisonment of several months he was tried for usurpation, and, being acquitted, was released. Two years later he was reelected Governor by the Free-State Party; in 1859 he was again reelected under the Wyan- dotte Constitution, and in 18C1 he became the first Governor of the State. He bequeathed most of his projierty to his wife, but stipulated that on her death it should go to the Kansas State Uni- versity, which owes its existence very largely to their efforts. He published The Kansas Con- flict (Xew York, 1802). Consult: Blackmar, Charles Rohinson (Topeka, 1900) : Spring, Kan- sas (Boston, 1885), in the "American Common- wealth" series. ROBINSON, CiiAKLES Seymoir (1829-99). An American clergyman, born at Bennington, Vt. He studied at Williams College and at the L^nion Seminary, but completed his theological studies at Princeton in 1855. For five years thereafter he preached at the Park Presbyterian Church at Troy, N. Y., then removed to the First Presbyterian Cliurch in Brooklyn and remained until 1868, when he took charge of the American chapel in Paris, which, during his term, he eon- verted from a preaching station into an organ- ized church. At the opening of the Franco- German War he left Paris, liut returned for a few months following the suppression of the Commune in 1871- to reorganize what remained of the congregation. Retirning to America, he served successively the ^Madison Avenue and the Thirteenth Street Presbyterian churches. New Y'ork. His works are chiefly of a religious char- acter, though his travel anil stuily in Egj'pt give an arclia'ological interest to The I'harauhs (if the ISundaije and the Exudus ( IH87). It is na an editor of hymn collections that lie is known outside liis church connections. Jlis successive hymnals, Smitjs of the Church (18ti2), Hongs fur the ^atictuarij (18(i5), I'.ialma, llyiiin.i, and ><l>irilual Hongs (1874), and Lattdes Domini (1884), have been widely used. ROBINSON, EnWAitn (1794-18ti.1). An American liiblical scholar, born at Southington, Conn. He graduated at Hamilton College, Clin- ton, N. Y., in 181(i. Later he studied at . do- ver, Mass., and at Halle and Berlin. On his return to the United States he was made pro- fessor extraordinary of sacred literature at Andover; but in 1833 his health broke down and he moved to Boston, where he remained until 1837, when he was appointed professor of biblical literature in Union Theological Seminary. This office he continued to hold until his death. He twice traveled in Palestine, in 1838 and again in 1852, with the famous missionary the Heverend Eli Smith. The result of their first visit was published in a work entitled /{iblieal liesrnrehes in. Palestine and Ailjaeent Countries (3 vols., Boston and London, 1841; (ierman ed., Halle, 1841). The work was republished in 1850 with some additions after the second visit. He edited and translated Butlmann's (Jreek Orammur (1823; 3d ed. 1851) ; Gesenius' Hebrew Lexieon (1836; 5th ed. 1854); Creek and English Lexi- con of the Xew Testament (183(i; 2d ed. 1847) ; Greek Barmon;/ of the Gos/iels (1845; 2d ed. 1851) ; English Harntong of the Gospels (184(1). He founded the liiblical Rrjiositorg in 1831 and edited it for four years. In 1843 he established tlie Bibliotlieca. Sacra. Consult Hitchcock, The Life, Writinc/s, and (Character of Edward Robin- son (New York, 18G3). ROBINSON, EzEKiEL Gu.MAN (1815-94). An American ck'rgyman and educator, born at Attle- boro, !Mass., and educated at Brown University aiid at Newton Theological Seminary. After his ordination he preached at Norfolk, Va., until 1845, when he removed to (larabridge, Mass., but soon relinquished the active ministry and ac- cepted the chair of Hebrew anil biblical inter- pretation in the Western Theological Seminary at Covington, Ky. In 1850 he became |)asti>r of the Ninth Street Baptist Church, Cincinnati. but three years later was appointed professor of theolog>' in Rochester Theological Seminary and in 1800 was made its president. After twelve years of service he was called to the iiresidcncy of Brown University. In 1889 he retired from this post on account of age and impaired health. In 1893 he became professor of ethics and apolo- getics in Chicago University and continued there until his death. His eminence as a preacher and thinker placed him among the foremost in his denomination. During his residence at Rochester he edited the Christian Review from 1859 to 1804. He also published a revision of the Eng- lish translation of Neander's Planting and Train- ing of the Christian Church (18(15); Yale Lec- tures on Preaching (1883) ; and a text-book on ethics. Principles and Practice of Moralilif (1888). ROBINSON, Sir Frederick Piiii.ip.<!E (17(!3- 1852). An English general, son of the loyalist Beverley Robinson, bom at Philipse Manor, near