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BOBINSON. 196 ROBINSON. New York City, la 1777 he entered his father's Loyal Hegiment, fought at Horseneck and at Stony Point, where, in July, 1770, he was taken prisoner, was released in November, 1780, and in September, 1781, was present at the capture of New London. At the close of the Eevolution his property was confiscated and he went to England. Robinson saw service in the West In- dies in 179-t, becoming a major in September of that year, and in 1S12, against ^■ellington's wishes, was sent «ith the rank of colonel to the Peninsula, where he commanded a brigade and distinguished himself by intrepid bravery at Vi- toria and San Sebastian and at the Nive, being several times wounded. In 1814 he was promoted to the rank of major-general, and he was sent in the same year to Canada with a brigade. He took part in the attack on Plattsburg and bitterly resented General Prevost's order to retire. He was knighted in 181.5, and for a few weeks in that year acted as piovincial Governor of Upper Canada, whence in 1816 he was transferred to the "West Indies. Robinson became general in 1841. ROBINSON, Henbt Crabb (1775-1867). An English man of letters. He was born at Bury Saint Edmunds, and was early apprenticed to a la'er in London. He studied on the Continent, acquired a thorough knowledge of German phi- losophy and literature, and made the acquaint- ance of Schiller, Goethe, Wieland, and others. In 1808 he became special Spanish correspondent of the London Times, of which he subsequently became a regular editorial writer and literary critic. Among his literary friends were Words- worth, Lamb, Coleridge. Southej', Flaxman, Clarkson, and Charles G. Loring, a leader of the Boston bar. He was a brilliant conversa- tionalist and raconteur. Brief selections from his Diary and Correspondence were published by Sadler (1869). He was a liberal patron of art and education, was one of the first members of the Athenaeum Club, and was one of the founders of the Flaxman Gallery and of the University College, London. ROBINSON, Sir Hercules George Robert, Baron Rosmead (1824-97). A British colonial Governor. He was educated at Sandhurst, and soon left the army for office in the Irish Board of Public Works, where he proved an able ad- ministrator during the famine of 1846. In 1855 he left Montserrat to become Governor of Saint Christopher, and five years afterwards was knighted for the introduction of coolie labor, and transferred to Hong Kong. Afterwards he was appointed Governor of Ceylon (1865), of New South Wales (1872), and "of New Zealand (1870) ; in 1880 he succeeded Sir Bartle Frere as High Commissioner of South Africa, a post which he held until 1889. His policy was strongly in favor of responsible colonial govern- ment, and the success of his first administration was evidenced by his reappointment in 1895. But he broke openly with Cecil Rhodes at the time of the .Jameson raid, and in his anxiety to arrange the release of the raiders refused Chamberlain's order to settle immediately the status of the Uitlanders. His influence proba- bly postponed the outbreak of hostilities. Robin- son became Baron Rosmead a year before his death. ROBINSON, James Harvey (1863—). An American historian, born at Bloomington, 111. He graduated at Harvard in 1887. took post- graduate courses there and at Freiburg, and in 1891 became lecturer on European history at the University of Pennsylvania. Four j-ears afterwards he was chosen professor of history at Columbia, but still kept up his connection with the University of Pennsylvania's Translations and Reprints from the Original Sources of Euro- pean History, in which lie edited papers on French history under Napoleon, and in the period following, and on German constitutional and religious history. With Rolfe he published, in 1898, Petrarch, the First Modern Scholar and Man of Letters. For the year 1900-01 Robinson was acting president of Barnard College. ROBINSON, John- (c.15761625). The min- ister of the Pilgrim Fathers. He was born probably in Gainsborough, Lincolnshire, Eng- land, and was educated at Corpus Christi Col- lege. Cambridge. He took orders in the Church of England, and worked near Norwich, but was suspended for non-conformity by the Bishop about 1603. He became a Separatist soon after and xmited himself with a congregation at Scrooby. After several unsuccessful attempts to emigrate this congregation reached Amster- dam between April and August, 1008. Here Robinson was chosen pastor. They removed to Leyden, reaching there in May, 1609. Robinson bought a large house, together with three friends, and lived as pastor of a growing Separatist con- gregation. He carried on many controversies with Anglican and Puritan opponents, and ex- erted a strong influence over the English exiles in Amsterdam. The prosperity of the congrega- tion was ijronounced, but Robinson foresaw that there was no final hope of permanence for his Church in Holland. Therefore, together with Cushman. Bradford. Brewster, and others, he or- ganized a movement to emigrate to America, which was consunnnated by the removal of the majority of the stronger members to Plymouth in 1020. ' Robinson remained behind with the weaker and older members, lioping to follow the majority in time. He was hindered, chiefly by the financial supporters of the movement in England, who feared his principles of separation. He died in Leyden and was buried March 4, 1625, in Peter's Church. Robinson was one of the strongest champions of the Separation from the Church of England, a movement which grew into the system of Independency and Congregational- ism. He was a man of such personal force that he could master the tendencies to disintegration in the movement and build the ideal into a stable institution. He is truly regarded as the founder of Congregationalism. The loca- tion of the house in which he lived in Leyden is marked by a tablet and a beautiful bronze memorial is artixed to Peter's Church, where he is buried. His works were collected and pub- lished in three volumes with an introductory bio- graphical study, by Robert Ashton (London and Boston, 1851). His most important publications were: A Justification of Separation from the Church of England (1610): Of Religious Com- munion (1614); and Essays or Ohserration-S Divine and Moral (1625: several subsequent edi- tions). Consult the biographv bv Davis (Boston, 1903). ROBINSON, Sir John Charles (1824-). An English art critic, bom in Nottingham. He