Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 17.djvu/219

was educated in his native city and studied art in Talis under Drolling. In 1S47 he was made head- master of the Government School of Art at Han- ley, and in 1S52-G9 he was superintendent of the art collections of the Victoria and Albert Mu- seum. During this time he carried out a system of loan exhibitions from the main museum through the provincial museums, and collected many of the art treasures of the institution. From 1SS2 until lOOl he was Her :Majesty's Sur- veyor of Pictures. His works include: Desnij)- iivc Catalogue of the Draiiings of the Old Mas- ters in the Collection of ilalcolm of Poltallock (1869); A Critical Account of the Drawings of Michael Angela and Raffaelle in the Unirersitu Galleries (1870) ; and Memoranda on the Madon- na dei Candelahri of Kaffaele (1878). ROBINSON, .John Clevel. d (1817-97). Aii American soldier, born in Binghamton, X. Y. He graduated at Yest Point in 18.39, and served with distinction under Generals Taylor and Scott in the Mexican War. In 18.53 and 1854 he served against the Indians in Texas, and in 18.57 and 1858 was with the expedition sent out to Utah against the Mormons. When the Civil War broke out. he was in command of Fort ilcHenr^' at Baltimore, and prevented it from being seized by Confederate sympathizers. Afterwards he was engaged in the work of mustering in troops at Columbus, Ohio, and Detroit, Micli., and in Sep- tember, 1801, became colonel of the First Michi- gan Volunteers. In the following April he was promoted to be brigadier-general, commanded a brigade at Newport Xews, and then was made a brigade commander in Kearny's division of the Army of the Potomac. He fought with that army in the Peninsular campaign, at Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, Gettysburg, and in the battles of the Wilderness. At Spottsylvania Court House, while leading a charge of his division, he received a wound which necessitated the ampu- tation of his left leg and thus incapacitated him from further service in the field. In 1872 he was elected Lieutenant-Ciovernor of New York. In 1877 and again in 1878 he was chosen commander- in-chief of the CJrand Army of the Republic, and in 1887 he was made president of the Society of the Army of the Potomac. ROBINSON, Lucius (1810-91). An Ameri- can political leader, born at Windham, N. Y'. He received an academic education, and was ad- mitted to the bar in 18.32. In 1840 he removed to Kew Y'ork City, but in 1855 lie gave up his law practice and retired to a farm in Chemung County. In 1859 as the RepuWican candidate, but with Democratic aid, he was elected to the State Assembly, and in the following year was re- elected. In 18(51 he was elected State Comptrol- ler on the Union Combination ticket by an un- precedented majority, aud in 1803 was reelected. Ten years later he was again elected Comptroller, this time on the Democratic ticket, but he re- signed the next year to accept the office of Gov- ernor. In 1879 he was renominated for Ciov- ernor by the Democratic Party, but. owing to the hostility of Tammany Hall, was defeated. ROBINSON. Robert (1735-90). An English preacher and hymn-writer, born at Swaffham, in Norfolk. After attending two grammar schools, he was apprenticed (1749) to a London hair- dresser. He continued his education by himself; and, coming under the influence of Whitefield, he began to preacli. In 1701 he becnnie minister at the Stone Yard Baptist Clia|)c.l in Cambriilge, built a new church (17041. ami drew large con- gregations, lie lived at dillei.nl villages in the neighborhood, where he augiiienled hi:, small sti- pend by fanning and by trade in corn and coal. Though nominally a Baptist. Koliinson was very liberal in his religious views; he becnnie in fact a Unitarian. Robinson was a bold and racy preacher and writer. Among his works arc': A Plea for the Divinitii of Uiir Lord (1770), the arguments of which he afterwards regarded as untenable; a translation from the French of Jacques 8aurin"s .SVniioda (two sermons, 1770; 5 vols., 1784) ; a translation of .Jean Claude's Essay on the Composition of a Sermon (1778- 79) : A History of Uaptismi (ed. by George Dyer, 1790) ; and many other miscellaneous pamphlets on theological questions and the slave lra<ie. He also wrote several hymns, of which two arc of great beauty : "Come Thou Fount of Every Bless- ing"' and "Mighty God, while Angels Bless Thee." Consult: Memoirs of Life and Writings, by Djer (London, 1790) ; aud Miscellaneous Woris, ed., with memoir, b}- Flower (Harlow, 1807). ROBINSON. Stuart (1814-81). A clergyman of the Presbyterian Church. He was born at Strabane, near Londonderry, Ireland, came to America, and was graduated at Amherst College in 1830. He studied at the Union Theological Seminary, Prince Edward, Va., and at Princeton Seminary before taking up his pastorate at Kanawha Salines, W. Va., in 1841. From here he removed to Frankfort, Ky., then to Baltimore, and in 1850 became professor of Churc-li iiidity and pastoral theology in the Presbyterian The- ological Seminary at Danville, Ky. In 1858 he assumed the pastorate of the Second Presliyterian Church in Louisville, Ky., and edited 7'he True Presbyterian, a paper which was suppressed by the military authorities on the charge of the disloyalty of its editor, who thereupon removed to Toronto and remained there until the close of the war. In 1800 he was expelled from the Gen- eral Assembly meeting in Saint Louis, as a member of the Louisville Synod that hail adopted the 'Declaration and Testimony,' a paper pro- testing against the political deliverances of the five preceding Cieneral Assemblies as 'unwise, un- constitutional, and unscriptural.' In 1809 the Synod of Kentucky under his lead united with the General Assembly of the Southern Presliyte- rian Church and chose him their moderator. Later he was inominent iu framing the constitu- tion and promoting the success of the (ieneral Presbyterian Alliance. He published: tilarery as Recognized in the Mosaic Ciril Law, and as Recognized also and Allowed in the Abrahamic, Mosaic, and Christian Church (18C5), and Dis- courses of Redemption (1860). ROBINSON, Theodore (18,52-90). An Ameri- can laiidscai)e ])aiiiter of the Imiiressionist School, born at Irasburg, Vt. He studied under Carolus Duran and GerOine in Paris, and afterwar<Is at Giverney with the Impressionist Jlonet. Upon his final return to America he devoted himself with great success to Delaware and Hudson River Canaf scenery. Robinson was one of the foremost representatives of the Impressionist School (q.v.) in America, but such was the elTect of his early training that he rendered form in a way ea.sy to understand. His works are mostly in private