Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 17.djvu/238

BOCKY MOUNTAIN STJBREGION. 21-1: KODBERTXJS. mits of lilt' t?iena Nevada and uoitheni Coast ranges. KOCKY MOUNTAIN TROUT. See Dolly Vakukn Tkoi 1. ROCKY MOUNTAIN WHITE GOAT. A goat-aiitolupo {Oicaiiiiiiis inoiit(iiius) of the higher mountains of Western Xorth America. Tlie outer liair is long, especially about the fore quarters, and has beneath it a woolly underlur. It stands about three feet high at the shoulders, which are somewhat arched or humped, while the head is carried low. The nose is hairy, there is a beard, and the horns, present in both sexes, are slender, smooth, backward-curving, eight to ten inches long, and black, which is also the color of the small hoofs. The nearest relatives of this animal are the chamois and serow, but its ap- pearance is very different from that of either. Its home is the summits of the mountains from the 'high sierras' of California and the central Kocky Jlountains to Alaska., but it has become rare "south of British Columbia. Its long silky coat, which the Indians were wont to weave into curious blankets, and its pure white and highly protective color, indicate a snowy habitat, and this animal is an inhabitant of the glacial peaks and the great snow-fields alone, rarely coming down even as low as the timber-line, but finding its foliage among the alpine pastures that border the glaciers. It climbs with astonishing agility, picks its way along cliffs and ledges where the gales blow the snow away as fast as it falls, or feeds upon the highest grassy slopes, so steep that they are last to hold the snowfall of winter and earliest to be swept clean by the spring ava- lanches. It moves in beaten trails, often the only means the hunter has of following it, and in some narrow places the treadinji of countless hoofs for countless generations has actually worn deep paths in the solid granite. Their flesh is good eat- ing, and their hides command a large price when well made into robes or rugs. Two kids are usually produced in the spring and remain with the parents until the next spring, forming a family party which moves about in company, but no large flocks are ever found. Consult: Stone and Cram, American Animals (New York, 1902) ; Baillie-Grohman, Fifteen Tears' Sport . . in the Hunting Grounds of Western America (London, 1900). See Plate of Goat-Axtelopes. ROCO'CO (Fr., apparently coined from ro- caillc. rockwork, from rochc, ilL. roca, rock). The name given to a late and fantastic branch of the Renaissance which prevailed in France, Germany, and other parts of Central Europe during the latter half of the seventeenth and the first lialf of the succeeding century. It was really a sub-species of the Barocco style of architecture and decoration, which took but slight hold in Italy. It played extravagant tricks with de- sign, showing no restraint in its caprice: fond of rustic work and outdoor eflfects, it reveled in rockwork. fountains, gardens, pavilions, and vil- las. It broke all the rules of proportion, design, and composition drawn up by the purists of the Kenaissancc. and aimed at broken and curved lines and surfaces, irrational details, and incon- gruous masses. ROCROI, r'i'krwa'. The capital of an arron- dissenient in the Department of Ardennes. France, 15 miles northwest of Meziferes, situated on an extensive plateau 1300 feet above the sea, sur- roiuidcd by tiie Forest of Ardennes (Map: France, L 2). Population, in 1901, 2176. It is memo- rable for the victory gained by the Duke of En- ghien (the Great Cond^) over the Spaniards, May 19, 1G43, in which battle a century's reputation for invincibility enjoyed by the Spanish infantry was destroyed. ROD (AS. rod, OHG. riiota, Ger. .Rule; pos- sibly connected with Lat. rudis, staff, radius, rod, staff, spoke, semidiameter, Skt. mdh, to grow). A measure of length equivalent to 5Vj yards, also called a pole. In surveying (q.v.), an instru- ment used in taking levels. See Engineekixo IN.STRUMENTS. ROD, rud, Edoi-ard (1857—). A French au- thor, born at Nyon, Switzerland. He studied philologj- at Bonn and Berlin, went to Paris and became '( 1884) editor of La Revue Contempo- raine. In 1887 he was chosen professor of com- parative literature at Geneva, but he soon re- signed, returning to Paris and literature. In 1809 he visited the United States on a lecture tour. His first novels are naturalistic, Ootc-ii- cote (1882), La femme de Henri Vanneau (1884). With La sacrifice (1892) Rod passed under the influence of Tolstoy, though affected somewhat bv Renan and Bourget. This appears most clearly in ilichel Tessicr (1893-94), but also in Lcs roehers llancs (1895), Pere et fiJs (1897), Pastor Xaudie's Young ^yife (trans. 1899), and Au miiieu du, chemin (1900). His critical work is represented by such books as Dante et Stendhal (1889), Les Allemands a Paris (1880), and Etudes et nouvelles etudes sur le XlXime siecle (1888 et seq.). RODAS, ro'oas. A town of the Province of Santa Clara, Cuba, 55 miles west of the city of that name. Its chief productions are sugar and fruits. Population, in 1899, 3390. RODBERTUS, rod-ber'tus, Johann Ivakl (1805-75). A German economist, founder of the scientific or conservative school of socialism. He was born August 12, 1805, in Greifswald, where his father was a professor of Roman law. He studied law at Gottingen and Berlin, and served from 1827 to 1832 in the Prussian justiciary. By 1837 he had formulated his social platform, aiid in that year published Die Fordcrungen der arheitcnden Klassen. Elected to the Xational Assembly in 1848. he was ilinister of Education in the Auerswald-Hansemann Ministry for a fortnight, and in 1849 was a leader of the Left Centre. The last twenty years of his life were spent in retirement. Socialism, as defined by Rodbertus, was to be a gradual evolution, hence his acquiescence in a monarchy, and his break with the Democrats as a political party. He re- garded the social question as a purely eco- nomic one. His principal doctrines are these: The workman's share of the nation's industrial income tends constantly to decline: land rent and interest are the result of the exploitation of the working classes; the present shares in the dis- tribution of wealth — rent, profits, interest, and Avagcs — are not entirely the result of permanent, universal economic forces, but the result of historical evolution and the prevailing legal system : financial and commercial crises are d>ie to a non-adjustment of production and con- sumption ; the laborer's purchasing power is