Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 17.djvu/239

KODBEBTUS. 215 BODENTIA. small and the capitalist and landlord classes, in- stead of increasiiij,' their consuniptiou of luxuriL's, invest their savings in new factories, and in otherwise increasing the means of production, with the inevitable result that commodities of common consumption are produced in excess — the great cause of crises. Kodbertus died in 1S75. His works include: Zuv Erkenntiiis tin- sorer staiitsu~irt)i.<ic)iaflUchcn Zustiinde (1S42) ; iSozialc Bricfc. addressed to Julius von Kirch- mann (lS50-ol); Dcr Xormalarbeitstug (1871); and Bch'iicht 11)1 g der socialen Frage (1875). His statement of his theory of crises, contained in his lioziale Bricfe, has" appeared in an English translation under the title of Overproduction and Crises (New York, 1898). Consult the sketch in Stegmann and Hugo, Haiidbuch dcs ,Sozia}ismus (1897); Jantseh, h'odbertus (Stutt- gart, 1899). KODD, Sir James Renxeli, (1858—). An English diplomatist and verse writer. He was educated at Balliol College, Oxford, where he won tlie Newdigate prize with a poem on Sir Walter Ralegh (1880). Entering the diplomatic ser- vice (1S83), he held various appointments at Berlin, Athens, Rome, and Paris. In 1893 he was placed in charge of the British agency at Zanzibar and was present at the skirmishes at Pumwani and Jongeni. In 1894 he was trans- ferred to Cairo, as principal secretary to the British agency in Egypt. In 1897 he was sent on the Important mission to King Menelik of Abyssinia. For his distinguished services he received a C.B. on his return and was knighted in 1899. His volumes of verse comprise l:iongs of the South (1881), Poems in Many Lands (1883), Feda and Other Poems (1886). The ['»- known Madonna (1888), The Violet Crown and Songs of England (1891), and Ballads of the Fleet (1897). These books form a body of flu- ent verse often very beautiful. We may cite "The Daisy," "Good" Bye," and the various do- mestic pieces in the Songs of England. In prose, Rodd has published Frederick, Croini Prince and Emperor, a biography (1888), and Customs and Lore of Modern Greece { 1892 ) . BODE, rod, Jacques Pierre Joseph (1774- 1830). A French violinist, born at Bordeaux. He studied under Fauvel in his native place, and, later, under Viotti at Paris. At the opening of the Conservatoire, in 1794, he was appointed pro- fessor of the violin. In 1800 he was appointed solo violinist to Napoleon. In 1803 he went with Boieldieu to Russia, where he remained for five years as solo violinist to Alexander I. Afterwards, at 'icnna, Beethoven wrote for him the Romance. Op. 50. He went back to Paris in 1828, but was unfavorably received and made his final withdrawal to Bordeaux. He wrote 13 violin-concertos; the important and much-used "24 caprices en forme d'etudes, dans les 24 tons de la gamme"; etudes; and 3 books of violin duos. His compositions are still highly regarded by violini-its. He died at Bordeaux. BODENBEBG, ro'dpn-berK, JiT-irs (1831 — ). A German author, born of a .Jewish family named hevY. at Rodenberg. in Hesse. He studied law at Hei'dplbere. GJittingen, Jlarburg. and Ber- lin, hut devoted himself to literature and to travel, and edited, at Berlin, first the Bazar and then the Salon, until, in 1874. he founded the important Deutsche Rundschau, of which he re- mained editor. He published in verse, SoiDictte fiir Schlesuiy-IIolstcin (1851), Ktiiiig Uaratds Totciifeicr (1853; 3d ed. 1850), and Liedcr utid Hcdichtc (1803; 5lh cd. 1880); iiketc-hes of life and travel ; several ronianecs, Die neue Siiiul- flut (1805), loii Gottcs (Jnadcn (1870), Die (Irandidicrs (2d ed. 1881), llcrrii Schellbuyiiia .ibcnieuer (1890); and a biography of i'rnnz Dingelstedt (1891). Consult the memoirs, £>in- nerungcn aus Jugcndzeit (189!)). BO'DENBOTJGH, TiiKoi'iiii.rs Fraxcls ( 1838 — ). All American soldier and author, born in Easton, I'a., and educated in private schools and at Lafayette College. He was appointed .second lieutenant of the Second United Stales Dragoons in 1801; was on duty in the Cavalry School of I'ractiee, and served in the campaigns of the Army of the Potomac. He lost his right arm at Winchester. He served after the war us in- spector-general in Kansas and as major of the Forty-second Infantry. He was retired in 1870 as colonel of cavalry, because of wounds received in line of duty. In 1871 he became deputy gov- ernor of the Soldiers' Home, Washington, D. C. ; was assistant inspector-general of New York State (1888-90), and from 1890 to 1901 chief of the Bureau of Elections, New York City. He wrote From Everglade to Canon te-ith the Second Dragoons (1875), Afghanistan and the Anglo- Russian Dispute (1885), Uncle Sam's Medal of Honor (188G), Autumn Leaves from Family Trees (1892), and Sabre and Bayonet (1897). He contributed articles on military science to The yew International Encyclopedia. BODENTIA, r6-den'sh'i-4 (Neo-Lat., from Lat. rodentia, nom. pi., se. animalia. animals, from pres. part, of rodere, to gnaw; con- nected with Skt. rada, tooth). The largest known order of mammals, the rodents, or gnawers, containing 20 or more families com- prising several thousand species, distributed throughout the world, possibly excepting Aus- tralia and New Zealand. The largest, the capy- bara. is not as large as a hog, while some, as the mice, are verv small. The order is distinc- tively characterized by its dentition, especially by tlie total absence of canines and the paramount importance of the front teeth or incisors. These are usually two in each jaw. sejiarated by a con- siderable vacant interval from the molars. They are very large, reach far back into the skull, and continu'e to grow from persistent pulps as fast as their tips, or cutting edges, are worn away. They are coated on the front with hard enamel, and as the softer dentine of the remainder of the tooth wears awav more raiiidly. the ousp of each tooth takes a cliisel-like edge, and its sharpness is maintained. In some groups the molar teeth are also perennial, and grow from jiersistent pulps. Another interesting fact is that in many "roups such as that of the rats and mice, there are no milk-teeth. The molar teeth, of which there are u.sually three on each side, one in each jav. have flat crowns with ridges of enamel, which make them hit'hlv elTective as grinders. The stomach is simple: the intestines are very long; the c.Tcum is often large, sometimes larger than the stomach itself. The brain is not large, and that of some rodents is nearly smooth, but in manv families exhibits a considerable degree of convolution. The rodents are not generally dis- tin-niished for sagacity, although some of them.