BOSEBERT. (1809); yapolcon; the Last Phase (1900); Qiifstions of Empire (1900). R03ECRANS, lO'zc-kranz, William Starke (1819-98). A distinguished American general, boiu at Kingston, Ohio. He graduated at West Point in 1842. entered the United States Engineer Corps, and served for a year as assistant to Colonel De Russey at Fortress Monroe. He then returned to West Point, where he served until 1847 as an assistant professor. In 1854 he resigned from the army and settled in Cincinnati, when' he engaged in business as an architect and civil engineer. Upon the outbreak of the Civil
ar he was appointed colonel of the Twenty-third
Ohio, and in .June, 1861, became a brigadier-gen- eral in tlic Regular Army. He took part in General JlcClellan's West Virginia campaign as com- mander of a brigade of Ohio and Indiana troops, and on the 12th of July, 1861, won the battle of Rich Mountain. Shortly afterwards, when Gen- eral McClellan was summoned to Washington, Rosecrans was put in command of the Federal forces in western Virginia. With them, on September 10th, he routed General Floyd at Carnifex Ferry,' thus clearing the Kanawha Valley of the Confederates. In the following year he commanded the riglit wing of the Army of the Mississippi in the advance on Corinth, fought the battle of luka, September 19, 1802, and in October successfully defended Corinth against Generals Van Dorn and Price. On the 2(ith of the same month he relieved General Buell as ooiinnander of the Army of the Cumberland. He advanced upon Nashville, and on December 3Ist and .lanuary 2d defeated General Bragg in the battle of Murfreesboro, or Stone River. In the following June he moved into East Tennessee, and on September 19th and 20th was defeated by Bragg in the battle of Chickamauga (q.v.). The Federal army then fell back to Chattanooga, where it was besieged until relieved by General Grant. On October 23d Rosecrans was succeeded by Thomas, and after a short period of service in charge of the Department of Missouri he was relieved of all command. Concerning his military ability there has been much controversy. The weight of opinion, how-ever, inclines to the view that "notwithstanding some faults of temper and military vacillation. General Rosecrans was undoubtedly a splendid fighter and a good strate- gist." Up to the time of the unfortunate battle of Chickamauga he had been uniformly and even brilliantly successful. At the close of the war he resigned from the army; in 1868 he served as Minister to Me.xico : and from 1869 until 1881 devoted himself to railroad and industrial enter- prises, mainly in Me.xico. He was elected to Congress in 1880 and again in 1882, as a Demo- crat, and served as chairman of the Committee on Military Affairs. From 188.5 to 1893 he was Register of the United States Treasury. In 1889 Congress passed an act restoring him to the rank and pay of a brigadier-general. For an account cf his military campaigns, consult: Bickhorn, Rosecrans's Vampaiyn with the Fourteenth Army Corps (Cincinnati, 1803) ; Cist, Army of the Cumberland (New York, 1882); Van Home, History of the Army of the Cumberland (Cin- cinnati, 1875) ; .Johnson and Buel (eds.). Battles' and Leaders of the Civil War (New York, 1887) ; and Fiske, The Mississippi Valley in the Civil War (Boston, 1900). 294 ROSE INSECTS. ROSE FAMILY. See Rcsace.k. ROSEFISH,. or Redkisu. A red scorpaenid flsh {tScbustcs marinus) abundant on both coasts of the North Atlantic, and far into ])()lar lati- tudes, where it becomes a shore and surface fish, while south of Newfoundland it is only fountl oil' shore and in deep water. In Greenland, Labrador, Iceland, and Scandinavia it is an im- portant food-tish. In Nova Scotia it is called ".lohn Dory;' among various other names are 'snapper' and "hemdurgan.' This fish is about 18 inches long and orange red in color, with a few dusk}' bars across the back. Consult Goode, Fishery Industries, sec. i. (Washington, 1884). See Plate of Rockfish, Sunflsh, etc. ROSEGGER, rO'zeg-er, Peter (1843—). An Austrian novelist, known for his descriptions of Styrian peasant life. He was born at .lpcl, near Krieglach, in Styria. After a youth of pov- erty he was apprenticed at the age of eighteen to a tailor, but he gained liy poetry patrons who enabled him to give himself to litera- ture. Zither und Hackhrett (1870), poems in Styrian dialect, were well received and were followed by prose tales and sketches in dia- lect and in literary German. Of the latter the more noteworthy are Volksleben in Steiermark (1870), Waldh'eimat (1873), Der Gottsucher (1883), Die Schiriften des WoldJichulmcisters ( 1875, with an autobiographical preface, trans, as The Forest Schoolmaster by Francis E. Skin- ner. New York, 1901), Jakob 'der Letzte (1888), Peter Uayr (1893), Erdsegen (1900), and the autobiographic Mein Weltleben (1897). A popu- lar edition of his works appeared at Lei])zig ( 18!t5-19()n). ROSE INSECTS. The rose is eaten by many insects wherever it occurs. In Europe about 100 species are recorded as occurring upon this plant, including seven beetles, 55 lepidopterous larvae, and 25 sawflies and gall flies. In the United States it is probable that fully as many species will be found. The most important of the Ameri- can forms is the rose chafer ( Mucrodactylus sub- spinosus) , which makes its appearance about the time the roses begin to bloom and strips the bushes, as well as grapevines and other plants, of the blossoms and foliage. The beetle is about one-third of an inch long, and is of a light yel- lowish color. It appears suddenly and in vast swarms in certain years, and overruns gardens. "^^^ HOSE CHAPEH. Adult female beetle {MAcrodactylvs subspiDOSVS). vineyards, and orchards. In about a month or six weeks from the time of their first arrival, and generally after having done a vast amount of damage, the insects disappear as suddenly as they came. The range of the rose chafer is from Canada and Maine southward to Virginia and Tennessee, and westward to Oklahoma and Colo- rado. The best remedies consist in plowing and cultivating the soil in the most favored breeding
