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ROUEN. 314 ROUGE ET NOIR. museuiii with valuablo ait and other collections, iiu'ludiiif; a lihiary of 140,000 volumes. Rouen is the seat of an archbishop. The artiticially deepened waters of the Seine form a commodious port admitting vessels of 5,000 tons. 'J'hcrc is a large export and import trade, chielly with (ireat Britain, Spain, Russia, Italy, and tlie I'nited States. The principal industry is the manufacture of cotton goods, inchiding t'"' cheeked and striped cottons espe- cially designated as Koucnneries, lace, cotton vel- vets, shawls, etc. There are also extensive manu- factures of liosiery, nii.xed silk and wool fabrics, blankets. Hannels. shot, chemicals, and refined petroleum. Among other branches of industry are ship-building and the manufacture of ma- chinery. Population, in 1901, 110,310. Rouen is the ancient Rotomagus, which under the later Roman emperors was the capital of l.ugdunensis Seeunda. It figures early as the seat of a bishop. Rollo, with his Northmen, settled here at the close of the ninth century. and the town became the capital of the Duchy of Normandy. It was wrested from King .John of England by Philip Augustus in 1204. It was in the hands of the English from 1419 to 1449. and Joan of Arc was buried here in 1431. Rouen was a Huguenot stronghold. It w'as occupied by German troops in the war of 1870-71. Consult: Periaux, Histoire de la ville de Rouen (Rouen, 1874) ; and Cook, Story of Rouen (London, 1899). ROUERGUE, ri>o'Arg'. A mediseval county of Fiance, the capital of which was Rodez (q.v. ). ROUERIE, roo'e-re', Marquis of. See Ar- MAM). Cn.RLES. ROUGE, rTiOzh (Fr. rouge, OF. rouge, roge, red, from Lat. rubius, ruheus, red; con- nected with ruber, rufus, red, and ultimately with Eng. red). A preparation of safflower, used to give an artificial color to the cheeks. The color is obtained through a long and elaborate process by precipitating it from the safflower. by means of citric acid or lemon-juice, on to prepared cot- ton. It is then washed out of the cotton with a solution of soda, and again precipitated with cit- ric acid; but previous to adding the acid, finely powdered French clialk is added to the solution, which becomes colored and falls down when the precipitation takes place, giving the necessary body and a peculiarly silky lustre to the coloring matter. (For rouge as a polish material, see Abrasives.) Jeweler's rouge is a preparation of iron formed by calcining sulphate of iron, or green vitriol, until the water of crystallization is expelled; it is then roasted in a strong heat, and afterw'ards washed with water, until it no longer afl'ects litmus paper. Liquid rouge is the red li(|unr left in making carmine. ROUGE, roTi'zha'. Olivier Charles Emman- uel. Vicomte de (1811-72). An eminent French Egyptologist, born in the Department of Sarthe. He at first studied law, but soon took up with ardor the study of Egyptian. His first memoir placed him among the foremost of living Egyptologists. It was a refutation of the theories of Bunsen and was pub- lished (1846-47) in Aitnales de philosophie chrHiemxe under the title: Examen de Vouvrage du chevalier de Bunsen. La place de I'Egypte dims I'histoire du ino-nde. In 1849 he was appointed keeper of the Egyptian collection of the Louvre. lie made a valuable catalogue of the Paris col- lections (Sotive sommaire dm iiiunuments egyp- iieus du Louvre, 1st ed., Paris, 1849; 3d cd. 1855). In his Mcmoire sur I'inscriplion du tom- beaji d'Ahuies (1849) and his Etude sur uue stele egyptienne (1856) he for the first time gave connected translations of entire hiero- glyphic inscriptions, and established the prin- ciples upon which the systematic study of these texts should proceed. His Chrestomuthie egyptienne (4 vols., Paris, 1867-76) placed the study of Egyptian grammar upon a new footing, and in his Reeherches sur les monu- ments qu'on pent attribuer nux sur premieres dynasties de Manethon (Paris, 1864-65) he made a most valuable contribution to early Egj'ptian history. In I8U0 he became professor of Egypt- ology in the Coll6ge de France. After his death was published the valuable collection In- scriptions hieroqlyphiques copiees en Egypte (Paris, 1877-79)" ROUGE DRAGON. See Pursuivant. ROUGET DE L'ISLE, roTi'zhfi' de lei, Claude .Joseph ( 17li01.s:i6) . A French poet and com- poser. He was born at Lons-le-Saunier. It was at Strassburg on the night of April 24, 1792, that Rouget de I'lsle, then a captain of engineers, wrote the immortal Marseillaise. (See article Mar.seillaise. ) A few days later he was sus- pended from his rank because he refused to sanc- tion the extreme measures of the Revolutionary Party. Aftei a two months' exile in Alsace, he entered the army again as a volunteer under General Valance, who restored him to his former rank. During the Reign of Terror he was again proscribed, and was confined to the prison of Saint Germain-en-Laye, on being released from which after the fall of Robespierre, he composed the "Hymn of the Nintli Thermidor." Later he served with Tallien's army, and was wounded at Quiberon, after which the Convention endeavored to atone for former injustice done him by giving him substantial promotion. In 1790 he aban- doned military life and went to Paris to devote himself to poetry and music. In 1830 he was pensioned by Louis Philippe. His published works include: Chant dcs venqeances (1798); Chant ttu combat (1800): 50 Chants frauQais (1825); and the lilu'ctti to a few operas. ROUGE ET NOIR, roozh a nwiir (Fr.. red and black), or Trente et Quarante. A game famous throughout Europe and a favorite mode of gambling. It is played on a long table cov- ered with a green cloth at each end of which there are two lozenge-shaped figures marked 'rouge' (red) and 'noir' (black), and colored accordingly. There are two centre divisions known as 'couleur,' and at each end a triangular division known as 'inverse,' the opposite of eouleur. The stake or bet may be placed on four <lifTerent risks according to the division of the table the player prefers. Six packs of cards are used shuffled together, each player shuffling a part of them, after which the whole are shuffled by the banker or dealer, who is always seated in the middle at one side of the table. The 'croupiers' sit facing the banker, and attend to all receipts and payments. The game begins by the dealer taking a single card, which is usually the blank one, and presenting it to one of the players, who inserts it in the complete pack at any point he desires. This constitutes the cut, after which the