Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 17.djvu/348

ROULROUL. 316 ROTJND TOWERS. EOXJLROTJL (Malay name). A beautiful small crested partridge "of the Malayan Islands and Borneo, two species of which are contained in the genus Rollulus. They dwell in the forests in small flocks, and are extremely active. See Plate of I'AUTRIDGES, ETC. ROUMANIA. See Rumania. ROUMANILLE, roo'msVne'y', Joseph (1818- 91). A rroveni.al jioet. He was born at Saint- Reniy ( Hnuches-du-Rhime) . He is commonly known in Southern France as the father of the Felibrige; for he first conceived the idea of rais- ing the patois of his region to the dignity of a lit- erary language. When Roumanille was a teaciier in Avignon, he discovered the genius of Frederic IMistral, one of his pupils, and to- gether they began what later became the F^li- brean movement. In 1847 Roumanille published a volume of verse called Li Margarideto, and in 1851 another entitled Li t<oiinjaiello. In 1852 along with Mistral and Anselme Mathieu he edited a collection of Provencal verse called Li I'rou- ven^nlo. In 1853 he wrote a dissertation on Pro- vencal spelling. His writing is of the wholesome, simple sort, adapted to the country-folk of the region. The complete edition of his works in- cludes Lis ouhreto en rrrse. Lis guireta en proso, Li capelan, Li conte prouvengau e li cascareleto, Li nouve, Lis entarrochin, and Letters. ROUND (OF.. Fr. roml. It. rolondo, ritondo, from Lat. rotundiis, round, wheel-shaped, from 7-ota, wheel ) . In music, a short vocal composi- tion, in three or more parts, all written on the same clef. Each voice takes up the subject at a certain distance after the first has begun. The second voice begins the first part when the first begins the second part, and the third takes up the first part when the second begins the second part, the whole ending together at the mark of a pause, or at a signal agreed on. The round is really an infinite canon. It was very po]iular in England from early times. The famous round Burner is iciimru in is assigned to the thirteentli century. Originally the round was identical with the catch, but the latter became of a humorous character, while the former remained serious. See Catch. ROUND, William Marshall Fitts ( 1845—) . All American prison reformer, journalist, and noxelist, born in Pawtucket, R. I. After public- school training Round entered the Harvard Medi- cal School, did not graduate, was given charge of the New England Department of the World's Fair, Vienna (187.3), engaged in journalism in Boston and New York, was associate editor of the Boston Globe, and afterwards on the staff of the Independent. In 1883 he was elected corre- sponding secretary of the Prison Association of New York, and of the National Prison Associa- tion. He was also a delegate from the United States to the International Penitentiary Congresses at Rome ( 1886) and Paris, and to the Congress of Criminal Anthropology' at Brussels, and planned (1887-88) the Burnham Industrial Farm for Unruly Boys, at Canaan. N. Y. His books include: Achsah. a Neu- Enfiland Life Study (1876); Child Marian Abroad (1876); Tom and Mended (1887): Hal, the Story of a Clodhopper (1878) ; and Rosecroft (1880). See Prison Association, N.tionai,. ROUNDABOUT PAPERS. A collection of delightful essays by Thackeray, contributed to the Cornhill Magazine in 1859-63, and published in 1863. ROUNDEL. See Fortification. ROUNDERS. An outdoor ball game. The game has long been popular with boys in Eng- land, and is tlie father of the more scientific and highly developed American baseball. Nine on each side play. The 'in' side bat in rotation on a home base and the striker drojis the bat before he runs, for the use of the iie-xt batsman. The pitcher, or, as he is called, 'the feeder.' occupies the same relative position as in baseball. The "out' side fields for the side that is 'in.' and must put the runners out by a catch or by striking them when between bases, or by touching an empty base to which the runner is approaching. There are six bases. Every player has the option of refusing to strike at as manj' balls as he pleases, or three only if so arranged, but whether lie hits the ball or not (with one exception) if he strikes at it he must run. The ball is dead when it leaves the feeder's hands until it has been struck at by the player, and no one may move from his base while the ball is dead. The players on the 'in' side when reduced to two may select one of their number to make what is termed 'three hits for a rounder:' the player not selected then retires. The selected one has to be served with the ball until he has had three trial hits thereat, and on the third hit or attempt ( if not before) he must run from the home base, round to every base in succession, and back again to home, without being hit with the ball, and with- out it being grounded at the home base while he is running. If the round is successfully made his side is again all in. If the contrary the sides change places. EOUNDFISH. One of the American lake whitefish. See Whitefish. ROUNDHEADS. A name contemptuously used of the English Puritan or Parliamentarian Party in the time of Cliarles 1,, originating in their fashion of wearing the hair short, while the Cavaliers wore flowing locks. ROUND POMPANO. See Pompano. ROUND TABLE. The name commonly given to the fellowship of knights which gathered around King Arthur, from the table at which they sat in the hall of his palace. See Arthur; Morte d'Arthur. ROUND TOWERS. Tall narrow towers ta- pering gradually from the base to the summit, and found abundanth' in Ireland, and occasional- ly in Scotland, are among the earliest and most remarkable relics of the ecclesiastical architecture of the British Islands. They are the work of Christian architects, and seem to have been in all cases attached to the immediate neighborhood of a church or monastery, and were capable of be- ing used as strongholds in times of danger. After the introduction of bells, they were also probably used as bell-towers. Thej- are usually capped by a conical roof, and divided into stories, sometimes by yet existing floors of masonry, though oftener the floors were made of wood. Ladders were the means of communication from story to story. There is generally a small window on each story, and four windows immediately below the conical roof. The door is in nearly all cases a consider- able height from the ground. The tower at Devenish, in Ireland, wMiich may be considered