Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 17.djvu/349

ROUND TOWERS. 317 ROUSSEAU. as a typical oxaiiiiilc of tlic class, is 82 feet liifli, and is funiislicd with a conical cap. A battlc- liicntcd crown occasionally snpplies the place of the conical roof, and in one instance the base of the tower is octagonal. They are usually as- .signcd to a period rangin}; from the ninth to the twelfth century. The source of this form of tower has not yet been cleared up. The only {;rou]) of related examples of earlier data are the round towers of the churches of Ravenna dating from the sixth and seventh centuries, such as those of both basilica.s of Sanf ApoUinare. of San Vitale, the Cathedral, and Santa Jlaria JIaggiorc. ROUNDWORM, or Threadworsi. A nema- tode, specilieally Ascnris himbricoides, which oc- curs in the human intestine and resembles an earthworm. It is milk-white in color, and has three lips, which when pressed down upon the wall of the intestine of its host form a sucker, in the centre of which is the mouth. The female is larger than the male, sometimes It! inches long, while the male is 10 or less. The female also seems to be more common. The eggs are very numerous, are fertilized within the body of the mother, and have usually begun their develop- ment when laid, but ordinarily pass out of the intestine of the host and remain in a dormant condition imtil thej' are finally taken into the alimentary canal of some other human being, probably in most cases by drinking impure water, although eating fresh leaves, fruits, and roots may be an important means. It is said that geographical and climatic conditions have much to do with the frequency of the parasite. For other species of these worms parasitic in domes- tic animals, see Ascabis; also Threadworm. ROUP (from roup, roop. AS. Ivropan, OHG. hruofan, riiofan, Ger. rufen, Goth, hropjan, to cry out ) , Diphtheritic Roup. A supposedly contagious disease of poultry resembling diph- theria in man, but attributed to a different organism. Diphtheritic patches appear on the mucous membranes. The measures to adopt in combating roup are isolation of all affected birds and a thorough disinfection of the premises with a .5 per cent, solution of carbolic acid. All birds that have died of roujj should be burned or buried. Consult: Deltncare Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin -'iT ; Montana Agricultural Ex- periment Station Bulletin 22; Rhode Island Aqrieultural Experiment Station Reports, 189S, p.' 97 ; 1SS9-1900, p. 233. ROUS, Francis (1579-1659). An English writer on theology. He was born at Dittisham, Devonshire; graduated B.A. at Oxford (1596- 97) ; subsequently at Leyden (1598-99) ; studied law (1001). but subsequently confined himself to theology and attained high rank among the Pres- byterians, and after 1649 among the Indepen- dents. He was an intimate friend of Pvm (q.v. ), a member of several Parliaments, and supported Cromwell and the Commonwealth. He is re- membered for his Psalms of Darid hi English Mecter (1643). which was adopted by the West- minster Assembly, and estates of Scotland, and authorized b}' Parliament for general use. ROUSAY, roo'sa. One of the Orkney Islands (q.v.). ROUSSEAU, roo's6', Jean Baptiste (1670- 1741). A French lyric poet, born in Paris. '1 hough a shoemaker's sou. he was well educated, '•'•joying the patronage of Doileau iinil Ureteiiil] and of TnHaud, whoiii lie accompanied as secre- tary to l.onihm. He won reputation for stinginu satires, ilirected especially against Iji .lolte iinO Sanrln. I.a Motte retaliated by conipa-^ing KnuH- seau's defeat in an academic eleilion (1710). Rousseau accused Snurin of circulating lilH-liius epigrams as his own; but he e.nild nn| legally prove this and was banislieil (1712). Uousseuu lived in Switzerland. Austria. Helgiuni, and England. His epigrams are brilliant nnd liiH satires sting. Though called by i'cinteni|KirarieH •prince of lyrists,' he lacks a true lyric spirit. Rousseau's W'urLs are in live volumes ( i'aris, 1820); the poetry, in one, edited by .Manuel (il>., 1852); some Contes inMila wcreedilcd by Lu- zaehe (ib., 1881). ROUSSEAU, .Jean- J.cQiEs (1712-78). One of the grealct French writers of the eigliteentli century. He was the son of a dancing master, Isaac Rousseau, a descendant of a French Hugue- not, wlio had in the seventeenth ivntury emi- grated to Geneva in order to escape religious persecution. .Jean .Jacques never knew hiK mother, and was e<lucated fir>t by his father, who made him read mostly sentimental novels; then by an uncle and an aunt. M. and Mnu'. Bernard, who were a little higher than the Uous- seaus in the social hierarchy of the Calvinistic city. Family troubles interru))ted his education. .Jean .Jactpies became an apprentice to an en- graver, named Ducommun. by whom he was not well treated, and wlien sixteen years of age he left (leneva to try his fortunes in the adjoining Duchy of Savoy. This was Catholic, and its clergy constantly strove to make converts among the children of rei>ubliean Switzerland. Rousseau was among these converts. His change of religion was effected at the •ilaison des Catechum^nes' of Turin, whither he had been sent on the advice of jMadame de Warens, herself a convert, who was soon to exert a decisive inlluencc U])on his des- tiny. Jean .lac<jucs was now for two years a servant in JIadamc dc Vcrcellis's household, and he acted in a somewhat similar capacity in the Govone family. He also fell in with adventurers of a low type. This led to his return to Aiuiecy, where Madame de Warens resided, and to his ad- mission among her regular companions. She re- nained the ruling spirit of his life for almut ten years, during which time he was several times engaged in more or less lucrative employ- ments, especially in the ollice of the land survey of the Kingdom of Sardinia and in the choir of the Cathedral of Annecy. He left Madame dc Warens several times, making trips to Fribonrg, Lyons, Paris, and .Monliicllicr, On his return from the last voyage he found tilings so changed in the house, especially owing to the arrival of a new comer named Wintzeiiried, that he decided he had better seek his fortunes unaided. The most profitable period of this part of Koussenu's life, as far as his education was concerned, was spent in a small country house not far from Cliani- bery, whither .Madame de Warens had removed from Annecy. In his Confessions he has left us a fascinating "description both of the place, called Les Charmetles, and of the life he led there, which may be called his honeymoon with Madame de Warens. His intellectual powers and acquire- ments so developed there that he could a little later occupy the position of resident tutor in the