Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 17.djvu/356

BOWING. 324 ROWLAND. posed of Harvard, Yale, Trinity, and Brown. Har- vard won all the races of this association, which dissolved upon the breaking out of the Civil War. There were no races durinr; the early years of the war, but in 1804-70 Yale and Harvard met in si.x-oared barge races, and Harvard won five of the seven contests. In 1871 the famous Row- ing Association of American Colleges was formed, having at one period sixteen members. In the six annual regattas held by this association, the Massachusetts Agricultural College, Amherst, Y'ale, and Columbia won in tlie four-oared races. Cornell won the last two. Y'ale refused to row in 1876, and competed instead with Harvard in a dual race, the first in the Harvard-Y'ale series in eights for four miles. Harvard competed in both races that year, but it was the last regatta held by the Intercollegiate Association, which then ceased to exist. Vith Harvard and Yale rowing together, a few of the remaining colleges competed in various combinations until 1883, when for the third time an intercollegiate association was formed by Bowdoin, Columbia, Cornell, Princeton, Rutgers, University of Pennsylvania, and Wesleyan, row- ing in four-oared shells over a P/ij-mile course. In 1883, also, Cornell and Pennsylvania met for the first time, and have competed annually ever since, either in dual races or at the larger regattas. After 1887 rowing ceased at most of the colleges, in addition to Harvard and Yale, the races of 1888-94 being between Cornell, Columbia, and Pennsylvania only. In 1895 the present Intercollegiate Association was formed by these three colleges, with whom the manage- ment rests. The regatta is open to all college crews. The entrance of Harvard in the regatta of 1896 is connected with one of the most notable chapters in intercollegiate rowing history. In 1896-97 Cornell and Harvard had a dual agree- ment in athletics. Harvard had dropped all re- lations with Y'ale, owing to a serious athletic rupture, and while Y'ale rowed at Henley (Eng- land), Harvard competed in the Poughkeepsie races. In the following year, 1897, Harvard re- sumed relations with Yale, and as she had an engagement to meet Cornell and did not wish to row two races, suggested that Y'ale be admitted to the Harvard-Cornell race. Cornell agreed, but suggested in turn that Columbia and Penn- sylvania be also admitted. This Y'ale refused to consider, on the grounds that the race would be unwieldy. Cornell was unwilling to forsake Pennsylvania and Columbia. At the same time she was anxious to compete with the New Haven university, whom she had not met on the water since 1875, e.Kcept in a freshman race in 1890. As a result Cornell rowed in two regattas in 1897 and again in 1898, defeating Y'ale and Har- vard both times. In the latter year, however, the races were rowed in different places, within a week of one another, and Cornell in the inter- collegiate regatta lost to Pennsylvania. This was her first serious defeat, with one exception, in 14 years. In 1899 Cornell declined the invita- tion of Harvard and Y'ale to row in their dual race, but expressed herself as willing to meet them as competitors in the Intercollegiate Regat- ta. The victory of Pennsylvania in 1898 proved a turning point in Pennsylvania's career, and her 'varsity crews won both in 1899 and 1900. It has been the aim of the Intercollegiate Asso- ciation to make its regatta a representative meet- ing of American boating colleges. A four-oared 'varsity race was added in 1899 to the regular 'varsity and freshman events in eights, and in 1900 pair-oared and single events were provided for in ease of tliree entries in each race. The formation of the American Association of Amateur Oarsmen in 1871, as the governing row- ing association of the United States, was the iirst satisfactory step toward the enforcement, outside of the colleges, of amateur rowing, al- though an amateur standard had been recognized in a way some thirty years before, when the Castle Garden Boat Club Association was formed. The association has held annual regattas at va- rious places, with singles, doubles, pair-oared, four-oared, and eight-oared events. In 1900 at New York the winners of special races were sent to compete in the international races at the Paris Exposition. Besides the national body there are fifteen organizations of I'owing clubs representing the various sections of the covmtrj', each of which holds its annual regatta, and many of which enter even in the national races. In Canada an asso- ciation of amateur oarsmen was formed in 1870 and has since held annual cliampionship regattas. There have been several international rowing contests, of which the following is a summary: 1869 — Harvard varsity four against Oxford, over the Thames course, lost by six seconds. 1876 — London Rowing Club on the Schuylkill River course at the United States Centennial Regatta were defeated. 1881 — Cornell 'varsity four lost at Henley. 1878 — Columbia 'varsity four won the Visitors' Cup at Henley Regatta. 1882 — The Hillsdale crew rowed against the Thames Rowing Club and lost by reason of the bow oarsman bi-eaking his oar. 1895 — Cornell 'varsity eight entered for the Grand Challenge Cup at Henley defeated by Trinity Hall. Cam- bridge. 1896 — Y'ale 'varsity eight entered for Grand Challenge Cup at Henley, defeated by Leander Boat Club. 1901 — University of Penn- s.ylvania eight entered for the Grand Cliallenge Cup at Henley, won the first heat over London Rowing Club, the second heat over Thames Row- ing Club, but lost the final heat to the Leander club by one length. Consult: Breckwood, Boat Racing (London, (1876) ; Woodgate, Oars and .SV»»s (New Y'ork, 1874) : Boating, in Badminton Library (London and New Y'ork) : Lehman, Boating, in Isthmian Library (London, 1897) ; Vhitney, A Sporty Pilgrimage (New Y'ork, 1895) ; "Rowing," in En- cyclopcedia of Sport (ib., 1898). ROWLAND, rO'land, Hexry Augu.stus (1848-1901). An American physicist, born at Honesdale, Pa. He studied civil engineer- ing at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, where he graduated in 1870. He became in- structor at Wooster University, Ohio, and then instructor and afterwards assistant pro- fessor at Rensselaer Institute. He became (1876) professor of physics at Johns Hop- kins University, a chair he occupied at the time of his death. Professor Rowland was one of the greatest physicists of the nineteenth century and had an international reputation. His deter- mination of the mechanical equivalent of heat was one of his most important investigations. His determination of the ohm was likewise of great value; and his study of the magnetic proper-