Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 17.djvu/373

BUDBECK. 337 RUDERAL PLANTS. medical studies at Leyden, lie became professor at Upsala (1655), and made himself famous by his knowledge of botany, physics, and mathematics, and of archa>ology. With his son Olof (lOUO- 1740), he published a great botanical atlas, Campus Eli/sius (1701-02). But his especial fame is in the department of curious literature as the author of Allaiid cllcr Manlirim (1(>7.^- 98), in which he attemjjted to show that Sweden was the original garden of Eden and riato'.s Atlantis. RUDDER. See Helm; Ship. RUDDER- FISH (so called from its habit of following vessels). A general name applied to a family ((T'entrolophidaM of fishes of the open seas, allied to the pompanos and harvest-fishes, which includes the blacUrull's of the genus Ccntrolophus, and the 'black rudder-fish' {Paliiiurichthi/s perci- //•/</ h RUDDER-FISH {PaliDuricbtliys pereitormrs). form is), the latter with the oblong form shown, and blackish-green in color. They are about one foot long. These fish gather in seliools oft' the coast of the Northeastern States and have the haliit of sheltering themselves under anytliing floating, as a log, a barrel, or boat, where they find not only some protection, but food in the form of hydroids, small barnacles, and other growths. Hence the name 'log-fish,' often ap- plied to them. They are good eating. Another rudder-fish is the large amber-fish (Scriola zonatn) also called 'shark's pilot.' and common from Cape Cod to Cape Hatteras. RUD'DIMAN, THOMA.S (1674-C.1757) . A dis- tinguished Scottish scholar, born at Raggel, Par- ish of Boyndie, Banfi'shire. and educated at King's College, Aberdeen. He began his career as an editor liy pul)lisliing an edition of Florence Wil- son's Dc Aniini TrniiqiiillUate Dialoriiis, to which he prefixed a life of the author. In 1709 he pub- lished Arthur Johnstone's Cantici iSolomoiiis Paraphrasis Poetica. In 1714 appeared his well- known work Rudiments of the Latin Tongue, a Latin grammar which at once superseded all others. In 1725-32 he published his Granunaticw Latinw Institutiones. As principal keeper of the Advocates' Library (1730). he published a magnificent edition of Anderson's Diplomata et Ki(nusina1a Scut iw (1 vol. folio). In 1751 he published an edition of Livy still known as the 'inunaculate' edition from its entire exemption from errors of the press. Consult his Life by Oialraers (1794). RUDDY (or Rudder) DUCK (from AS. )•»(?», redness, from reodan, to make red, from read, red). A small fresh-water duck, common throughout Xortliern Xorth America, and visiting the southern part of the country in winter, noted among gimners for its skill in diving after the manner of grelM>, and for the l,-n;,'lli „f lime il can remain under water, lliis duck i:rinmalurii rubida) has th,. bill slaty-blue: tup of llie head black; chin and sides of the head while; neck and upper parts bright chestnut; and the lower parts silky while. The female is duller in color. RUDE, n.Kl. rR.X(,ois ( l-841S,-.5). A Kreneli sculptor, born at Dijon. Me stu<lied in I'liris at the Keole des Heaux-.Arts under Ciirtellier. received the I'rix <Ie Bonie in 1S12, and from 1815 to 1S2S lived in Brussels. In the latter year he returned to Paris, and exliiliileil lii» statue of "Mercury Fastening Ilis Sandal" (Louvre) in the Salon of that year. This was followed by his "Neapolitan KisherBoy" (ISIJl. Louvre), the first of that short series o'f striking masterpieces which have placed him in the lir-l rank of French sculi)lors. Hmle was undoubtedly a classicist in a large way. l>ul in the "Fisher- Boy" he shows himself ipiite capable of sym- pathizing with the Koniantic School, then in its full vigor. From this time (1831) his work liecame increasingly naturalistic, evolv- ing into thoroughly modern realistic art. In 1830 he was first employed in the decoration of the .re de 'rriom])lie de I'Ftoile, for which Rude made designs for four great groups of sculpture at the base: "Le depart." "Le rc- tour," "La df-fense," and "La paix." Thiers evidently intended at first to allow Rude to execute all four, but later gave two to Etex and (me to Cortot. leaving only the "R'-part" to Rude. This great group was Iniished in 183(1. It rejjresents the departure of the volunteers in 1792. and is. perliaps, the most piiwerful and jierfect work in sculpture produced by the French nation. Compared with the "Df-part" the rest of his production is mediocre, e.xcept perhaps the superb mortuary figvire of Godefroy Cavaignac ( 1847, Montmartre Cemetery). t)ther .statues by Rude are a charming Louis XIII. (1842) as a bov; "Awakening to Inunortal- itv:" "MarMial 'de Saxc" (1838): "Napoleon" (1847); "Christ on the Cross" and ".Joan of Arc" (1852, both in the Louvre): "Marfchal Key at Paris" (1853): '-Hebe and the Eagle" and "Amor Victor," in the Miisemn of Dijon. The most complete biography of Rude is by Fonr- caud in the Gazette des Beaux-Arts (1888- 91). See also Bertrand, Francois Rude (Paris, 1888) ; and Rosenberg, in Dohme. Kuti.il und Kiinstler des neunzohnten Jahrhundei-ls (Leipzig. 1880). RUT3ENS (Lat., Cable). A romantic comedy by Plautus, the plot of which, taken from Diplii- lus, preserves much of the Greek atmo>pherc. The scene is laid near the African Cyrene. Shake- speare borrowed from the play in Pericles, Prince of Tijre. RUDER AL PLANTS ( from Lat. rudus. rub- bish). Plants of roadsides and waste places. Close observation of ruderal areas shows that there is a rapid order of succession of the plant forms, conunencing with annmils. largely because of the quick germination of their abundant seed. Then grasses and other perennial plants gradu- ally crowd out the annuals, a change sometimes accomplished within ten years. Naturalized plants (see Natch.liz.tio.) frequently gain foothold in rtideral areas, doubtless l>ecause the