Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 17.djvu/375

RUDOLPH I. 339 RUE. eiy, wisdom, and fair doalin^. During tlio (Irtat Inteiregnuni, which bogan in lioti, (ieiuiany was without an acknowlcxlged lioad. In 1272 Pope Gregory X., alarmed at German disunion, vised every means in liis power to force an Imperial election. Tlic great Klienisli princes, in wliose hands rested the power of election, wished to lind someone wlio would not be unmanageable or strong enough to excite jealousy. Their clioice fell on Euilolph of Haiisburg. and he was crowned at Aix-la-Chapellc, October 24, 1273. Kudolph's most formidable opponent was Otto- kar, King of Bohemia, who refused allegiance to the new King. Rudolph made war upon him, vanquished him, and forced him to give up the duchies of Austria, Styria, and Carinlhia, and some other territories (1276). Ottokar, having renewed the war. was defeated and slain in a battle on the JIarchfeld (1278J. The Emperor, in 1282, invested his sons, Albert and Rudolph, with the territories wrested from Ottokar. (See Austria-Hung.ry. ) Rudolph did a great service to Germany in suppressing the 'robber barons' and destroying their strongholds. He is said to have condemned to death thirty nobles and to have razed to the ground twice that number of castles. His eflforts to preserve peace, by prohibiting private wars, w'ere very acceptable to the towns and lesser nobles, but the lack of eft'ective police and Judicial organi- zations prevented the execution of his laws. More- over, he antagonized the towns by attempting to raise an Imperial revenue by taxation. Consult: Kopp, Kiinicj Rudolf iind seine Zeit (Leipzig, 1845-49), continued by Busson (Berlin, 1871); Hien, Rudolf von Huhsburri (Vienna, 1874) ; Schulte. (le.ichichie der Habsburger (Innsbruck, 1887) ; Zisterer, (Iregor X. und Rudolf von Habs- burg (Freiburg. 1891) ; and Redlich, Rudolf von Uabsburg (Innsbruck, 1903). RUDOLPH IL (1.552-1612). Holy Roman Emperor from 1576 to 1012. He was the eldest son of the Emperor Maximilian II., and was educated in the Spanish Court by the .Jesuits. On the death of his father, in 1576. he succeeded to the Imperial crown and to the possession of the Archduchy of Austria. Bohemia, and part of Hungary. He was weak-willed and little concerned with the afl'airs of government, which he left in the hands of the leaders of the Coun- ter-Reformation. The liberalizing tendencies which had been at work in the Austrian do- minions under his predecessor came to an end. Intolerance and persecution on the part of Ru- dolph aroused bitter discontent and in 1604 an insurrection broke out in Hungary. Matthias, the .younger brother of Rudolph, put himself at the head of a formidable party against the Em- peror, and in 1608 forced him to cede to him the government of Austria. Hungary, and Moravia. In 1609 Rudolph was forced to issue the IMajestiitsbrief, guaranteeing the Bohemians re- ligious freedom, but at the same time prep- arations were already going on for the great struggle that was to break out in less th.nn a decade. In 1608 the Evangelical l^nion was formed by some of the German States for the de- fense of the Protestant religion, and this was followed by the organization of the Catholic League in 1609. In 1611 Bohemia was taken from Rudolph and transferred to Matthias. The Emperor died January 20. 1612, without issue. and was succeeded by .Matthias. Rudolph's tasto for astrology anil the occult sciences, ami his de- sire to discover the philosopher's stone, led liini to extend his pnlronage to Tycho Hrahe and Kepler. The important astroniunical ealculu- lions begun by Tycho and continued by Ki'pler, which are known as Tlu RmlnliiUiiie Ttiblis, ile rive their name from this Emperor. Consult Gindely, Rudoljih II. und seine Zeit (Prague, 1863-65). RUDOLPH (1858-89). An Archduke and Crown Prince of Aiistria, son of I'rancis .losepli 1. He was educated carefully and entered the army in 1878. lie was an enthusiastic hunter uud traveler, and the author of Fiinfielm Tiiije auf der DoiHUi (1881), and Einr Orienlreise (1884). He planne<l and partly edited the work Uie ostcrreichinehuiigiirische Monarehie (1886 et seq.). Rvidolph married Stephanie, daughter of Leoi)old 11. of liclgium, in 1881. The .rchduke was found dead in his shooting lodge at Meyer- ling, near P.adcn. RUDOLSTADT, ron'dfll-stiit. The capital of the Principality nf Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt . Ger- many, on the Saalc, 18 miles south of Wi'imar (Map: Ciermany, U 3). Its most beautiful cliurch is the thirteenth-century Stadtkirche, rebuilt in the seventeenth century, and restored in 187U. The castli^ has been the residence of the Prince since 1599. The city has a palace with a natural history collection, a gymn:isium. a national semi- nar.v, and a library of 65.000 volumes. It manu- factures ]iorcelain, pianos, metal and wooden artistic cabinet work, children's building-blocks, chocolate, essential oils, and chemicals. Kudol- stadt is first mentioned in the year 800. It came into possession of Schwarzburg in 1355. Popu- lation, in 1900, 12,407. RUDRA, roTi'dm (Skt., howler, or perhaps, red. liriglit), or MAll. EVA. A deity of Vcdic Inilia. He is described as an archer I)earing the lightning shaft, and in per.sonal iiiijicarance he is of dazzling brilliancy. He is either copper-colored or with a l>Iack belly and a red back, while his neck is blue and his eyes are a thousand in imm- her. He is associated most frcipiently with the Maruts (q.v. ). although in some passages he is identified with Agni (q.v.). or with Vishnu (q.v.). His character is twofold. For the most part he is represented as a terrible deity, mighty, and dangerous, to whom prayer must be ottered to induce him to avert his .shafts both from men and from animals, occasionally even frinii the gods, while disgraceful attributes are assigned to him in the later 'edic period. On the other hand, Rudra is a divinity of healing, and his blessings are besought repeatedly. In the post- Vedi<' period the place of Kudra in the Hindu pantheon has been usurped by Siva (q.v.). Con- sult: iluir. Original San.ilcrit Textx (London, 18(;S-74) ; Macdonell, Vedic Mythology (Strass- burg. 1897). RUE (OF., Fr. rue, from Lat. rula. from Gk. h^rrri. rliule, rue), Ruta. A genus of about .50 species of half shrubby plants of the natural order Rutaceir. natives of Southern Europe, Northern .Africa, the Canary Isles, and the tem- perate parts of Asia. Comiium rue or garden nie {Ruta grareolens) grows in sunny stony places in Mediterranean countries ami is cultivated in American gardens. It has greenish-yellow flow- ers, and glaucous evergreen leaves with Hinall