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KUSSELL. 363 RUSSELL. I ciers of orth America ?>'oith America (IS'JS). RUSSELL, James E.u!l (1S64— ). An AiiRiicau iciucator, boru in Hanulen, X. V. He jiiaduatud at Cornell in 1887, and studied in Ger- many. After two years as jirofessor of peda- goj;y and pliilosojiliy in the Iniversity of Colo- rado, he became in 1S1I7 ])rofessor of the history of education in the New York Teachers' Ccdleye, of which he was made president in ISilS. On the work of this institution he made a special re- port to the Education Board of Cireat liritain (1902). His other publications include The Extension of Viiiccrsiti/ Teaching in EmjUind and America (1895; Ger. trans. 1S!)5) and The nistory. Organi::ation, and Methods of Scfondary Education in Germany (1899). RUSSELL, JoH.x (174.-)-180r)). An English portrait ]niinter, born in tiuildford, Surrey. He studied under Francis Cotes, and remained with him until 1707. In the meantime he had been converted to ilethodism and was such a militant reformer that he is said to have attempteil to convert his sitters. He settled in London about 1708. and became a well-known worker in crayon although he occasionally painted in oils. His subjects included Philip Stanhope, son of Lord Chesterfield, Bartolozzi. Cowper, Wilberforce. The Rev. Dr. Todd, and Sheridan. He published The Elements of Painting aith Crat/ons (1772- 1777). RUSSELL, Lord JoHX, first Earl Russell (1792-1878). An English statesman, born in Westminster. August 18. 1792. He was the third son of the si.xth Duke of Bedford. He was edu- cated at Westminster School and at Edinl)urgh University. In July, 1813, he was returned to Parliament for the borough of Tavistock, and, according ' to the family traditions, he entered the ranks of the Whigs. Russell's real political life began in 1820 when he was returned to Parliament from Huntingdonshire. He became an ardent advocate of Parliament- ary reform. He also interested himself in the repeal of the Test and Corporation Acts, which he carried in 1828 against the united efforts of Peel, Huskisson, and Palmerston. He cordiall.v supported the Catholic Emancipation Act. which was passed in 1829. In 18.30 the question of Par- liamentary reform became crucial and caused the resignation of Wellington's Tory (Jovernment. Earl Grey followed the Duke as Premier, and took Rus.sell into the Jlinistry as Paymaster-General of the forces. Lord .John at once rose into great prominence through his part in the Reform Bill of 1832. the first reading of which he moved in the Commons. (.See P.rh.mext.) He subsequent- ly took part in the agitation against the Corn Laws. On the resignation of Peel, in December, 184.5, Russell was summoned to form a ^linistry, but was unable to do so. and Peel resinned ofiice and brought about the repeal of the Corn Laws (q.v.). He was soon forced out on the (pu'stion of Irish coercion. Again Russell was called upon to form a ilinistrv, and this time he succeeded (.July, 1S4(J). Russell continued as Premier for nearly six years. The usual Irish discontent had been greatly augmented by the famine, and all Ireland was ripe for rebellion. Russell handled the matter with much skill. Relief measures went hand in hand with coercive measures, and in a Vol. XVII.— 24. and Kiecrs of few months Ireland was quieter than it liud been for years. The most inipurtanl net in thii connection was the Encumbered Estates Act. (See Irish Lani> Laws.) This adininj-iratioii also saw the end of the Chartist movement. (See Cn autism.) In IS.Il. as a result of the l'o|)e's attempt to reestablish the Cnthnlie liiiTariliv in England, the Eeeelsiastical Titles AsMunqi- tion Act (q.v.) was pa^>.ed. In December. IS.jl, when the Koreign Secretary. l'alnier>toii, without consulting his colleagues, recognized the Ciovernment formed b.V Louis Napoleon after his cou]) d'etat of December 2d. Hnssell <le- nianded his resigmition. Palmerston .^oon brought about the downfall of the (Jovernment. Rus- sell resigned and Lord Derby came in with the extreme Tories. Derby, " however, hail no majority, and in turn resigned after a brief term in olfice. A coalition .Mini-.try of Wliigs and Peelites was then formed (December. 18.12 1 un- der Lord Aberdeen, in which Russell appi-ared as Secretary for Foreign Affairs. The mismanage- ment exhibited in the operations of the Crimean War, and the great loss of life incurred, brought about a niotion in the House of Connnons, for an inquiry into the conduct of the war. Russell was ill-i)re]iared to resist this and resigned. He then sup|)orted the motion and Abenleen re- signed. Derby and Russell each attempted to form a Ministry, but without success. Pal- merston was then called ui)on and sue<eeded. Russell was asked to join, but refused. He was then sent as plenipotentiary to the con- ference! at Menmi, which it was hoped would bring about peace. Meanwhile the Peelites bad withdrawn from the Ministry and Russell in !March. 18.i,'j. very reluctantly entered the Minis- try, though he still remained at the conference. On his return the op))Ositiim in Parliament raised a great outcry in regard to his proceedings at Vienna, and being iniable. by reasons of .State, to account in full iletail for his course, Russell resigned. In 1859 le again appeared as Foreign Secretary under Palmer>ton. The Italian War of Liberation and the .American Civil War were the most diliicult questions he had to meet. To the Italians he gave his most ardent support. His conduct in regard to the American War has been defended and eritici.sed. some claiming that lie ably preserved British neutralitv. others contend- ing that the cases of the Alaliama, Eloridit. etc., prove the contrary. In 1801 he was created Earl Russell. In 1805, on the death of Pahnerston, Russell again became Premier. The new Minis- try now brought forward a ParlianuMitary re- form bill. The Liberals, however, did not give hearty .support to the bill, and it was defeated. Russell at once resigneil and never took olVu-e again. His last .vears were spent cbielly in liter- ary work. He died on -May 28, 1878. Consult: alople, JAfe of Lord John lluxsetl (London, 18891: Reid, Eord John Hnssell ( ib.. 1895): Walpole, History of England (ib., 1878-8(i). RUSSELL. Joiix Scott ( 1808-82). A British naval engineer, born at Parkbead. near (Masgnxv. He studied at the I'niversities of Kilinburgh. Saint Andrews, and Glasgow, ami in 18.'J2 was elected to the chair of natural philosophy at Edinburgh to fill a tenqi'uary vacancy. A paper which he read before llic British .Association on the nature of waves led to the appointnu-nt of a committee to make experiments, and these resulted