Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 17.djvu/477

SAINT BERNARD. 437 SAINT-CHAMOND. This monastery was founded in 902 by Saint Bernard de Jlenthou. It is now oceuined by twent}' Augustine monks with seven assistants. It is their special mission with the aid of their famous .Saint Bernard dogs to rescue travcU'rs wlio maj' be lost in the snow. In the hospice are engravings and pictures given by grateful trav- elers, a collection of coins, and numerous an- tiquities found in the vicinity — among them fragments of brass tablets offered to .Jupiter Paniinus by pious Romans after escape from danger. From Jupiter Poeninus, who had here at one time a temple dedicated to him, the range of mountains is called the Pennine Alps, the mountain itself by the Italians, Monte Giove, and, locally, Jlont Joux. This pass was much used by the Romans, particularly after the foundation of Aosta (q.v.), was improved by Constantine, traversed by the Lombards, by Charlemagne's uncle, Bernard, by Frederick Bar- barossa, and by large bodies of French and Aus- trian soldiers during the campaigns of 1798, 1799, and ISOO. Little Saint Bernard is a pass 7170 feet above the sea southwest of Jlont Blanc, connect- ing the vallejs of the Dora Baltea and the Is&re. SAINT BERNARD DOG. The largest of domestic dogs, often nearly tliree feet high at the shoulder and 1.30 pounds in weight. The race was developed from an unknown origin, at the Hospice of Saint Bernard, in the Alpine pass of that name, whose monks have maintained the breed through centuries for the purpose of giving aid to belated travelers, or rescuing those lost in snow-storms. They are also used to test the prac- ticability of a snow-covered track, or the safety of an ice-bridge. Their capacity for tracking and their keenness of nose equal that of the best bloodhound. They are very hardy dogs, yet in the middle period of the nineteenth century they were nearly exterminated, once by a pest that left but one, and once by an avalanche, which carried away all but three of the monks' dogs. Excellent dogs for similar use have been bred and trained on the Saint Gothard, Simplon, Grimsel, and Furka passes, aad in other Alpine hospices. Two varieties of Saint Bernards are rec- ognized — the smooth-coated and the rough-coated. The shorter-haired dog shows better its true power and shape. The standard of the breed calls for a tall, erect figure, strong, muscular, and bony in every part : a powerful and imposing head, with a wide massive skull, and an intelli- gent expression. The supraorbital ridges are strongly developed, and form nearlj' a right angle with the horizontal axis of the head. A furrow runs up the centre of the forehead, between the supraorbital arches. The skin on the forehead is wrinkled, but not deepl.v. The chops of the upper jaw are strongly developed, like those of the bloodhound, I>ut turn with a graceful curve into those of the lower edge, and are slightly over- hanging. The nostrils are dilated and black; the ears lightly set on, and close at the base, and th(^ back edge standing away when the dog is listen- ing; the eyes set more to the side than to the front, the lids showing a slight haw. The feet are broad, and the toes strong, with a single or double dew-claw, giving an extended surface to the foot when on the snow. The coat is very dense, lying smooth, but in the rough-haired is considerably long, and flat to slightly waw, and the tail is bushier than in the smooth-coated va- riety. The color may be black, red, or white in well-defined patches. Consult works cited under Dou; and sec Plate of Dogs. SAINT-BRIEXIC, saN br6'^. The capital of the DcparlMunl of C6tes-du-Nord, France, 03 miles northwest of Rennes, at the uiouth of the Gouet River (Map: France, D 3). Its port. Le Li'guC', is one mile distant to the north on the English Channel. The town has an allractive situation, and is of considerable interest liy reason of its antiquity. It has a catlicilral dating from the thirteenth century, and recent ly restored, the Church of Xotre Dame d'Esp^rance, also a lliir- tcenth-eentury structure, and the Church of Saint Michel, a modern cdilice. The town carries on a large coastwise trade in farm and garden produce and fish, and is largely interested in iron and steel manufactures. A monastery was established here in the latter part of the fifth century by Saint Brieuc. a Welsh missionary. SainlHrieuc was the scene of nuich fighting during the Reign of Terror. Population, in 1901, 22,198. SAINT CATH'ARINE, Order of. A Rus- sian order inslitutcil in 1714 by Peter the Cireat, and originally intended as a special dis- tinction for his consort Catharine, in recognition of her services in the Turkish campaign of 1711. The membership was subsequently extended to in- clude all the princesses of the Imperial house and women of the nobility. The decoration, a dia- mond cross, has an oval medallion with an image of Saint Catharine holding a cross, on which are the letters D. S. F. R. (Domine, Salvum Fac Re- gem ) . SAINT CATHARINES. The capital of Lin- coln County, ()ntari(j. Canada; situated on the Welland Canal and the Grand Trunk, the Welland. and the Niagara Central railroads; 12 miles north- west of Niagara Falls (Map: Ontario, D 4). The city has manufactures of machinery and agricul- tural implements. The surrovinding countr.v is picturesque and productive. The well-known min- eral well of Saint Catharines supplies on an average 130.000 gallons a day. Saint Catharines has been called the Saratoga of British Amer- ica. There are gas and electric lights, giavity system of water-works, good sewerage .system, and superior educational institutions, includ- ing the Bishop Ridlev College, an Anglican estab- lishment. Population, in 1891, 9170; in 1901. 9946. SAINT CATHARINE'S COLLEGE. A col- lege founded at Cambridge, luigland, l)y Robert ^'odelarke, or "oodlark. Provost of King's Col- lege and chancellor of the university, in 1473 (charter in 1475), for a master and three fellows. It is, and, save in the seventeenth century, has al- ways been, one of the smaller Canibriijge colleges. There were, in 1902. a master. (! fellows, and 26 scholars, Ijesidcs sizars. Among the more dis- tinguished members of the college may be men- tioned Archbishop Sandys, Dr. Addenbrooke. founder of the hospital in Cambridge, and the naturalist .John Ray. SAINT-CHAMOND, s:-ix'sh:'i'mnN'. A town in the Department of Loire, France, situated at the confluence of the Gier and the Ban, 8 miles by rail northeast of Saint Etienne (Map: France, L 6). It is a flourishing, well-built town, and is the centre of a district extensively engaged in the