Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 17.djvu/479

SAINT-CLAUDE. 439 SAINT-DENIS. pipes, ami snutl' bo.xcs, and is noted for its lapi- dary ostalilisliinents. Population, in I'JOl, 10,4!)!). SAINT-CLOUD, kliJo. A town of France, in till- l)c'|Kutiiiiiit cif Seine-et-Oise, .situated on the declivity ot a liill near the Seine, 5 miles west of I'aris (Map: Paris and vicinity). Po])ula- tion. in lliol, li2t)o. Its famous and heauliful park contains about 1000 acres, is embellished by spa- cious allecs and a large cascade and fountain, and commands a tine view over Paris. The town tii.'ures often in the wars of the Middle Ages. Henry III. was assassinated here in 1589, by the fanatical monk Jacques Clt^ment. Saint-Cloud was long famous on account of its magnificent chateau. Imilt by Mazarin, and embellislu'il by suc- cessive dukes of Orleans, who possessed it till 1782, when it passed into the hands of Marie An- toinette. Here Bonaparte, in 179!), was named First Consul; and in tliis place Charles X. signed the ordinances which produced the Revolution of 1830. But during the siege of Paris, the chateau was set on lire and destroyed by the artillery. SAINT CLOUD. A city and the county-seat of Stearns County, Minn., ()5 miles northwest of Jlinneapolis; on the Mississippi River, and on the Northern Pacific and the Great Northern railroads (ilap: Minnesota, D 5). It is the seat of a State Normal School and of the Min- nesota State Reformatory. Saint Ra])haers Hos- pital, the Catholic cathedral, the Public Library, anil the Home for the Aged are other noteworthy features. Saint Cloud is the centre of a grain- growing' and stock-raising region, but is best known for its large granite interests. Manu- facturing is extensively carried on. excellent water power being derived from rapids of the Mississi]ipi. There is considerable trade in iron and lumber products, brick, tlour, and beer, which constitute the principal manufactures. The gov- ernment is vested in a mayor, chosen annually, and a iinicameral council. Settled in 18.54, Saint Cloud was incorporated in 1SG8, and was chartered as a citv in 1889. Population, in 1800. 7ilS(;; in 1(100,' 8063. SAINT CROIX, kroi, or Schoodic. A river forming ]iart of the boiuidarv between Maine and New P.runswick (Map: jiaine, J 5). It flows from the Schoodic or Grand Lakes in Maine 75 miles southeast into Passamaquoddy Bay. It is navigable to Calais, about 10 miles. SAINT CROIX RIVER. A river forming part of the boundary between Minnesota and Wisconsin (Map: Wisconsin. A3). It rises in the northwestern corner of the latter State and flows .southwest for 200 miles, entering the Mis- sissippi through a lake-like expansion. 20 miles below Saint Paul. It is navigable 54 miles to Saint Croix Falls, above which there are several picturesipic falls. SAINT-CYR, saN'ser', Laurent GorvioN, ]Iarq>iis de (1704-1830). A nuirshal of France, born at Toul. In 1792 he volunteered in the Army of the Republic. He served under Custine, and having been promoted to the grade of gen- eral of division in 1703. took part in the cam- paigns on the Rhine and in Holland, whence in 1708 he was sent to Italy to succeed Massena. There he quickly restored military discipline, and in 1800, after a brilliant campaign in Italy, he returned to Germany, became Moreau's lieuten- ant, and defeated Kray at liiberaeh. Napoleon sent him to Spain as Ambassador in ISfll, and in 1803 made him connn:inder of the army of occupa- tion in Naples. In 1800 he lost the favor of Na- poleon and resigned, but in 1812 he was given conuiiand of a corps in the army whi>-h invaded Russia, and, after his great victory at Pololzk, he was made nuirshal. He was captured at Dres- den in 1813. During the Second Restoration, in 1815, he became Minister of War, and again in 1817, serving till 1810. Ili.s Mi'moires were pub- lished at Paris (1821-31). Consult De Vernon, Vie du mari'chal (louvion Saint-Cur (Paris, 1857). SAINT-CYR, Mai.son de. A once famou.s school for girls, founded by Madame de Mninte- non (q.v.) in 1080, for the education of the daughters of the jKjor nobility and the children of dead or disalilcd ollicers. In 1I)!I2 the school was converted into a convent, lenelon's l)c lYdu- cation des fillcs, published in 1087, inlluenced con- siderably the educational ideas at Saint-Cyr. The establishment of this institution marks the beginning of the emancipation of women's educa- tion. Madame de Maintenon personally super- vised the institution from lt!80 to 1717, and sometimes even taught there. The notoriety the school attained on account of the successful performances of a number of plays under the direction of Racine and Bnileau had a de- moralizing efTeet on the discijiline of the school and undoubtedly influenced the founder in chang- ing her liberal policy. It ceased to exist in 1793, when it was converted into a military hospital. SAINT-CYR-L'ECOLE, la'kol'. A village in the Department of Seine-et-Oise, France, 4 miles by rail west of Versailles. It derives its celeb- rity from the Ecole Speeiale Militaire de Saint- Cyr, which was transferred here in ISOl! from Fontainebleau by Napoleon, and is the leading military training establishment in France, at- tended by from 700 to 800 pupils, and furnishing the armv with 400 officers annuallv. Popula- tion, in 1001, 4253. SAINT DA'VID'S. A city in Pembrokeshire, Wales, on the Allan, a mile from its mouth, on the northern side of Saint Bride's Bay (.Map: Wales, A 5). It is noted for Saint Mary's Col- lege (founded by John of Gaunt), within a high embattled wall nearly a mile in circuit. The cathedral, founded in 1180, on the site of the ilonastery of Saint David, and restored since 1846, contains a curious movable pulpit. The town has been the seat of a bisho[)ric since 519. It was several times pillaged and burned by the Danes and others during the ninth aad two fol- lowing centuries; in the Middle .Vgcs it was a large city — the great resort of pilgrims to Saint David's shrine. Population, in 1!)01, 5400. SAINT-DENIS, saN'de-n*'. The capital of an arrondis.scment and a northern sviburb of Paris, in the Metropolitan Department of Seine, France, 2 miles from the city walls (Map: Paris and vicinity). It is defended by a fort on the east and by ramparts on the north. The town is traversetl by the Croud and Rouillon, and is well built, with clean, spacious streets. Its history centres around the Basilica of Saint- Denis, built in the seventh century as the church of an abbey by Dagobert I., on the site of the chapel raised above the grave of Saint-Denis, the