Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 17.djvu/492

SAINT JOHNS. 450 SAINT JOHN'S EVE. outside, 570 feet at the narrowest point from Clmiu Rock to Pancake Rock. (_)n the nortlicrn side of the Narrows is a ditl' of sandstone and slate rock 300 feet hijjh, and above that towers Signal Hill, olO feet above the level of the sea. On the .southern side of the Narrows there is a hill (!,")0 feet liigli. on which is a lighthouse called Fort Ainherst. Cape Spear and Fort Andierst lights give guidance to vessels entering the ex- cellent harbor. Around the harbor are substan- tially built stores, warehouses, and wharves, a dry dock capable of raising vessels of GOO tons, and a marine railway. Saint John's receives the bulk of the imports of the colony and has an important trade in clothing, fishermen's and hunters' outfits, and provisions. Its capitalists are mostly non-resident. The manufactures are principally ship-bread, nets. iron. lx)ots and shoes, furniture, etc. It has distilleries, block and rope factories, oil refineries, breweries, and tanneries. Business connected with the fisheries absorbs general attention; there are large exports of seal, cod, and oil. The city is governed by the Legislature. From a fishing hamlet founded in 1580. Saint .John's in 183G had grown to a town of 15.000 inhabitants. Population, in 1891, 25,- 738; in IHOI, 2!).5!14. SAINT JOHNS. A village and the county- seat of Clinton County. Mich., 22 miles north of Lansing: on the Detroit, tirand Haven and Jlil- waukee railroad (Map: ilichigan, Jo). It is mainly a residential place, and has a ladies' library and a fine union school Iniilding. Saint Johns is situated in a farming and stock-raising region, and is noted for its manufactures of fur- niture, including extension tables, and sashes, doors, and blinds. There are also grain elevators, and manufactories of gasoline engines, agricul- tural implements, and quilts. Population, in 1890, 3127: in 1900, .3388. SAINT JOHN'S BREAD. The locust-tree. See Cakob. SAINT JOHNS'BURY. A village and the county-seat of Caledonia County, Vt.. 34 miles east by north of Montpelier; on the Passumpsic River, and on the Boston and Maine and the Saint .Johnsbury and Lake Champlain railroads (Map: Vermont, F 4). It has the Saint Johns- bury Academy, Fairbanks iluseum, an art gal- lery, and a public library with more than 10,000 volumes. At Saint Johnsbury are the works of the Fairbanks Scale Company, one of the largest establishments of its kind in the world, and manufactories of steam hammers, hoes, forks, and other agricultural implements. The village is also an important trade centre. The government is vested in a board of village trustees. There are two systems of water-works, one owned and operated by the municipality. Population, in 1890, 3857;' in 1900, 5066. SAINT JOHN'S COLLEGE. A college at Cambridge, England. It was founded in 1511 by an endowment left by Lady Margaret Beaufort, Countess of Richmond and Derby, mother of Henry VII. The college succeeded to the site and build- ings of a Hospital of Saint John, founded by Henry Frost in 1135. and altered to admit secular students. The students, not agreeing with the regulars, were removed in 1284 to the new founda- tion of Peterhouse. Saint John's is the second college of Cambridge in size and importance. The foundation consists of a master, 50 fellows, 00 scholars, and 9 so-called 'proper' sizars. There are some 200 undergraduates in all. The college has a considerable number of prizes, ex- hibitions, and studentships, and presents to 50 livings. The college buildings are extensive and of great beauty. The library contains about 50,000 volumes, numerous letters, and over 400 manuscripts. SAINT JOHN'S COLLEGE. A college at Oxford, England. It owes its origin to Arch- bishop Chichele, founder of All Souls' College (q.v. ), who converted a house of Bernardine monks into Saint Bernard's College in 1436. At the dissolution of the monasteries. Henry VIII. gave this college to Christ Church College, which in turn transferred it to Sir Thomas White. He established on this foundation in 1555 the present college, dedicated to the study of sacred theology, philosophy, and the Good Arts, and he is there- fore its real founder. The college was largely added to by the generosity of Laud (q.v.), who was for a time its president. It consists of a president, 15 fellows, a number of honorary fel- lows, lecturers, and tutors, 4 Fereday fellows, 37 scholars, a number from the Merchant Taylors' School. 4 exhibitioners, a chaplain, an organist, and a choir, with some 175 tmdergraduates in all. SAINT JOHN'S COLLEGE. A non-sectarian collegiate institution at Annapolis, Md., char- tered in 1784 and opened in 1789. It was devel- oped from King William's School, established in 1696, and is therefore one of the oldest of Amer- ican colleges. Its campus is picturesquely situ- ated on Severn Creek, a few miles from Chesa- peake Bay, with commodious buildings valued iu 1003 at $250,000. The collegiate department embraces four cour.ses: classical, Latin-scientific, scientific, and mechanical engineering, which lead to the degrees of Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Science. There is also a preparatory school, with 52 students in 1903, in which year the col- legiate department had an attendance of 103 and a faculty of 10 instructors. The endowment was .$5000 and the income $23,000. The library contained 0000 volumes. SAINT JOHN'S COLLEGE, FORDHAM. A Roman Catholic institution, in the Borough of the Bronx. New York City, organized in 1841. The administration was in the hands of secular priests until 1846. when the college was pur- chased by the Fathers of the Society of Jesus. The estate embraces about 70 acres, with nine buildings. The income in 1902 was $66,262, and the value of the college property $1,553,200. In 1902 the students numbered 442, including 85 in the college, 315 in the academic department, and 42 in the grammar school. There were 41 instructors, and the library contained 53.000 volumes. The college confers the degrees of B.A., B.S., and M.A. SAINT JOHN'S EVE. The night before the festival of Saint John Baptist (June 24th), or jMidsummer Eve. It seems to have been observed with similar rites in every country of Europe. Fires were kindled chiefly in the streets and market places of the towns ; sometimes they were blessed by the parish priest, and prayer and praise offered until they had burned out ; but as a rule they were secular in their character, and conducted by the laity themselves. The