Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 17.djvu/491

SAINT JOHN OF JERUSALEM. ■4W SAINT JOHN'S. Mohaiiinieilans, it was icnioved to (vpnis. Manv of the kiiiglits, liowever. ifiiiaincd in Acre until its capturi' in 12!)1. The scat of (lie Order was ill Cyprus from 12110 to I.'JIO, and in Rhodes from 1310 to 1522. Then it passed suecessively to Crete, ilessina, Baia'. Viterho. and in 1.530 to !Malta. wliioh was eeded to Uie Order hy I'liarles V. of the Holy Roman Em]iire. Xext to Pierre d'Auhusson the most celebrated liead of the Order was Jean de la 'alette, grand master from IS.)" to 15(!S. who defended JIalta successfully against the forces of Sultan 8olyman II. ( loOo ) . During all of these centuries, and, in fact, until the close of the eighteenth century, the knights still con- tinued to fight against the infidel, and still re- mained wealthy and famous. In 1798 the island of Malta was seized by Xapoleou, whereupon the kniglits chose Paul I. of Kussia as their grand master, counting on his aid against the French. Paul did enter into hostilities with France, and Malta was occupied by the English in 1800, and though the Treaty of Amiens provided for its retrocession to the Hospitalers, the island has remained an English possession. In ISOl the election of a grand master was vested in the Pope, who chose Bailli Tommasi. The latter made his seat at Catania, and the Order at once lost its political, social, and military importance. After the death of Tommasi in 1805, no new- grand master was chosen until 1870, when Leo XIII. reestablished the dignity and fixed the lieadquai-ters of the Order at Rome. In the in- terval the Order had been governed by lieuten- ants and by a general council, meeting at Rome. Since 1879 the members have entered into hospi- tal service, under the Convention of Geneva. They have business offices in London, near Saint John's gate, a relic of their old priory, and in other capitals. Their dress is a black gown with a white cross. The sea! of the Order has always represented the brethren attending a sick person. Many of the records of the local provinces have been preserved, and some have been printed : the archives of the general Order, going back to the twelfth century, are still in existence at La Val- letta, Malta. BiBLiocRAPiiY. The most important single work is the Cartuhiirc general de Vordre den liospihillers. 1100 to 1310 (Paris. lS94-in01), edited by Delaville le Roulx. Of this magnifi- cent ^^■ork three volumes and the first part of volume iv. have apjieared. The editor had al- ready distinguished himself by munerous articles on the history of the Knights of Saint John; his dates have been followed in this article. For those who have not access to this great work, the following may be quoted: De Salles. Aii- vales de I'ordre de Malte, etc. (Vienna, 1889) ; Eey, Colonies frnn(/ues en ^i/rie aux Heme et l.leme siecles (Paris. 1883) : Vertot. Histoire des chevaliers hospiUiliers de Saint-Jean de Jerusa- lem (Amsterdam. 1757) ; Archer and Kingsford, The Crnsades (Xew York. 1898). SAINT JOHN RIVEE. The principal river of Xew Brunswick. Canada. It rises on the boundary between Maine and Quebec, and flows first northeast through northern ilaine. then east- ward on the boundary between Maine and Xew Brunswick, and finally southeast through the latter province till it empties into the Bay of Fundy at Saint John (Map: Xew Brunswick. B 4). Its length is about 500 miles, and it receives several large tributaries. sich as fli,> Al- legasli and Aroostook, which drain most of the lakes of northern Maine. The upper course of the river still passes through a wild and sparsely inlial)ited timber region. Shortly after entering Canadian territory it phinges in the (Irand Kalis over a perpendicular rock 75 feet high. For the last 100 miles the river forms an irregular, winding, and l)rancliing lake like expansion, part of which is known as (irand Lake. Iiiiiiiediately before entering Saint .lohn harbor in the Bay of Fundy this expansion contracts into a narrow, rock.v gorge with a fall of 17 feet, presenting very peculiar tide phenomena. At low tide the river above the gorge is 12 feet higher than the level of the liarbor. but at high tide it is 5 feet lower, so that the rapids are reversed with every turn of the tide, and vessels can pass through the gorge only during a short period between ebb and Hood. The river is navigable for steamers of coiisideralile size 80 miles to Fredericton, for smaller stcaniers to Woodstock, 145 miles, and at high water to the Grand Falls, 225 miles. Above the falls it is again navigable 40 miles for small steamers. By the Ashburton Treaty its naviga- tion was made free to citizens of the United States. SAINT JOHN RIVER. A river of Quebec, Canada. See RrciiELiEf. SAINT JOHNS. The capital of Saint Johns County, Quebec. Canada, on the Richelieu River, opposite Iberville, and on the Grand Trunk, Cana- dian Pacific, and other railways, 27 miles south- east of Montreal (Map: Quebec. (' 5). Three bridges span the river and connect with Iber- ville. The chief buildings are the county and district offices, a lunatic asylum, and military barracks. The town has electric lighting and waterworks, manufactures of pottery, silk, etc., and an ini]iortant river trade in lumlier, grain, and agricultural produce. Population, in 1891, 4722: in 1901. 4030. SAINT JOHN'S. The caidtal of Xewfound- land. on the east side of the ]ieninsula of Avalon, oil the Atlantic Ocean (Map: Xewfoundland, H 5). The cit.v is built on sloping ground principall.v on the northern side of the harbor. The northern and southern sides are connected by a causeway and bridges. The city has been imiiroved greatl.v since the disastrous fire of 1892, when 1800 buildings, including two-tliirds of the commercial establishments, were destroyed, the lo.ss amount- ing to about $16,000,000. "The Roman Catholic cathedral stands on the top of the hill above the city, 225 feet above the sea ; there is also an Episcopal cathedral. There are Saint Bonaven- ture College (Roman Catholic), and Anglican, Methodist, and Presbyterian colleges. Saint John's has a medical society incorporated in 18U7; the Saint John's Athena'um, having a large library: and the library of the Saint Josciih's ( atholic Institute. Among the conspicu- ous public Ijiiildings are: the Government House, the residence of the (iovernor, the House of Assembly, the Public Hospital. Market-House. Court-House, Custom-House, Poor-House. The water supply is brought four miles from Windsor Lake. The city is lighted by gas and electricity. The entrance to the landlocked harbor, visible only at close range when approached from the seal is marked bv the Xarrows, 2100 feet across