Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 17.djvu/490

SAINT JOHN. 448 SAINT JOHN OF JERUSALEM. lind become a British possession under the Treaty ol rtreeht in 1713. Its nuuleni growth dates from 17S:i, when it received an innni<;ration of 10.000 United Empire loyalists. Its charter of incorpo- ration (I78.T) is "the oldest in Canad.i. Topula- tion, in 1891, 39,179; in 1901, 40,711. SAINT JOHN, Lake. A large lake in the Province of Quchoc. Canada, situated about 100 miles north of QueV)ec (Map: Quebec, D 2). It is nearly circular in shape, with a diameter of about 25 miles, and receives several large streams. Its outlet is the Saguenay (q.v.). It is encircled by wooded hills, is nnich resorted to by sports- men, and is the centre of an important and fairly populous dairy region. SAINT JOHN, IIenkt. An English states- man. See Boi.iXGiiROKE, Viscount. SAINT JOHN, sant jon or sin'jin, James AfGi:sTUS (lSOl-75). An English author and traveler, born in Carmarthenshire, Wales, Sep- tember 24, ISOl. He went to London in 1817; edited a Plymouth radical paper; in 1824 ■was appointed sub-editor of J. S. Bucking- ham'.s Oriental Herald; in 1827, with David Lester Richardson, started the Weekly Pe- ine ir ; in 1829 removed to Xormandy. He traveled extensively in Egv-pt and Xubia. Among his nnmerous works, comprising travel, fiction, and biography, are the following: Egypt and Mohiimmed AH (1834); Manners and Customs of Ancient Grfece . ( 1824) ; Egypt and Nubia (184.5); /.SIS, an Egyptian Pilgrimage (18.53); The Xemesis of Power (1854) : There and Back Again in i^carch of Beauty (1853); Philosophy at the Font of the Cross (1854) ; History of the Four Conquests of England (1SG2) ; Life of Sir Waller Raleigh (1808)'. SAINT JOHN, JoHX Pierce (1833—). An American political leader, born at Brookville, Ind. He enlisted in the Federal Army in 18G2, and worked his way up from private to lieuten- ant-colonel. At the close of the war he removed to Missouri, and in 1869 settled at Olathe. Ivan. He was elected Governor of Kansas in 1879. At the expiration of his term in 1883 he accepted the nomination for President on the Prohibition ticket and polled 151,809 votes. Later, how- ever, he became more radical in his economic views than the majority of his party, and se- ceded, becoming an independent and advocating prohiliition, woman suffrage, free coinage of sil- ver, and anti-imperialism. SAINT JOHN, Sir Spenser (1825—). An English diplomatist and author, born in London, and educated by private tutors. He early gave his attention to the study of the ilalay lan- guage. In 1848 he went to Borneo as private secretary to Sir .James Brooke, and in ISoO he accompanied Brooke on a mission to Siam. From 1855 to 1861 he was Consul-General at Borneo. He was then transferred to Haiti. He was afterwards Consiil-General at Lima in Peru (1874), and after being sent on special missions to Bolivia (1875) and Mexico (1883) he was appointed ^Minister Plenipotentiary to ^lexico (1884). He was transferred to Stockholm in 1893, and he retired from the service in 1896. He was knighted in 1881. He is author of Life in the Forests of the Far East (1862) : Life of SiV James Brooke. Rajah of l^arairak (1878 and 1899) ; and Uayti, or the Black Republic (1885). SAINT JOHN OF JESUSALEM, Knights OF. -V military and religions Order, known also as the Hospitalers, Knights of the Hospital, Knights of Rhodes, and Knights of Malta. Its origin is very ol)senre. and frequently a great antiquity has been claimed for the Order. One or more of the hospices which were establishd in the Holy Land by Pope Gregory the Great, in the sixth century, and cared for by Charles the Great, may have existed until the time of the First Crusade and may thus have given rise to this Order. The special hospital at .Jerusalem from which it took its name was either founded or restored by merchants from Amalfi in 1070 or earlier. For some years the brethren were inider the rule of Saint Benedict and were en- gaged strictly in hos|)ital duties, .ftcr tlic cap- ture of Jerusalem by the Crusaders in 1099, a hospital in honor of Saint .John the Baptist was founded in .Jerusalem and became the cradle of the later Order. The earliest authentic docu- ments which can be dated belong to the years 1099 and 1100. The first head of the brother- hood whose name has been preserved was Gerard, who died probably in 1120. We know little of him. and are not even certain of his nationality. Under his administration the brethren followed the rule of Saint Augustine. His successor was Raymond de Puy, who changed the hospital brotherhocHl into a military Order and ruled as master imtil 1158. It is not certain that the Order was sanctioned in 1118, 1120, or 1130, as has been generally stated by the older writers; but in 1153 Pope Engenius III. confirmed the privileges which had been accorded by Paschal II., Calixtus II., Honorius II., and Innocent II. This confirmation proves that the Order had been recognized earlier. The brothers were of three classes : Knights, who were of noble birth; Priests or almoners: and Brethren, who were not nobles, but who were fighting men. Most of the members were French. They had to take the three monastic vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience. Their main duty was to aid in the defense of the Holy Land, and during the twelfth century the Hospitalers and Templars (q.v.) were the chief defense of the Kingdom oi .Jerusalem. At the same time their constant quarrels with one another often endan- gered the kingdom and ]ueventcd complete suc- cess in the various military undertakings. They vied with the Templars in wealth and ambition, and were second only to them in public esteem. After the destruction of the Order of the Tem- plars they succeeded to much of its wealth. There were at least twelve commanderies of the Hos- pitalers in Syria, and branches were gradually established in the countries of Western Europe. The earliest was in France, and dates from the first years of the twelfth century. The house of the Hospitalers at Prague dates from 1159. In all, their possessions in Europe were divided into eight langues. or provinces, but some of these were not established until the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. Their head was known at first as master, and later as grand master. The organization of the twelfth century was gradually modified, and the final form, which is now fol- lowed, was given to the Order by the Grand Mas- ter Pierre d'Aubusson (q.v.) in 1489. The Order maintained its headquarters in Syria until 1290. when, on account of the rapid conquests of the